Core Insights - The article discusses the advancements and capabilities of manned submersibles in deep-sea exploration, highlighting China's achievements in this field [2][4][8] Group 1: Manned Submersibles - The "Fendouzhe" submersible has successfully conducted deep-sea research, including the collection of valuable biological samples from the Mariana and Yap trenches, with findings published in the journal "Cell" [1][8] - The "Deep Sea Warrior" submersible, with a 95% domestic production rate, is set to conduct deep-sea archaeological work in the South China Sea, having already identified over 100,000 relics from shipwrecks [5][7] - Manned submersibles are equipped with advanced technologies, including a life support system, high-pressure resistant materials, and communication systems that allow for real-time data exchange with research vessels [3][4] Group 2: Deep-Sea Research and Discoveries - Research on deep-sea shrimp has revealed their significant role in the deep-sea ecosystem, acting as both decomposers and prey for larger predators, providing insights into life adaptation in extreme environments [9][10] - The deep-sea environment, characterized by high pressure and low temperatures, poses unique challenges for exploration, necessitating specialized equipment and techniques for sample collection [3][9] - The genetic study of deep-sea shrimp represents the deepest animal genome published to date, contributing valuable data for understanding deep-sea ecosystems [10]

Core Viewpoint - The discovery of the abyssal lionfish, a vertebrate species living at extreme depths of over 8000 meters, highlights its unique adaptations to survive in high-pressure, low-temperature environments [4][6]. Group 1: Characteristics of Abyssal Lionfish - The abyssal lionfish is known for its distinctive appearance, resembling a tadpole with a generally pale or nearly transparent body, lacking scales and sharp teeth [4]. - It has a body length ranging from a few centimeters to several tens of centimeters, with a large head and a gradually tapering tail, utilizing its developed pectoral fins for elegant swimming [4]. - Due to its deep-sea habitat, the abyssal lionfish has reduced vision and olfactory senses, relying on a well-developed auditory system and sensory pores to detect food [4]. Group 2: Evolution and Distribution - Research indicates that abyssal lionfish evolved from ancestors living in shallower waters, gradually adapting to deeper environments as oceanic trenches formed [5]. - Despite geographical isolation in different trenches like the Mariana Trench and Japan Trench, abyssal lionfish exhibit similar depth distribution, morphology, and bait behavior [5]. Group 3: Adaptation Mechanisms - The abyssal lionfish employs a strategy of "yielding to pressure" rather than resisting it, having evolved to lack a swim bladder and possess pressure-resistant cartilage [6]. - Its head structure is not fully enclosed, preventing brain cavity rupture under high pressure, while a collagen-rich gel-like substance on its surface aids in maintaining internal stability and buoyancy [6]. - Increased unsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue help maintain membrane fluidity and order under extreme conditions, with key mutations in synthetic enzymes and chaperone proteins enhancing protein stability [6]. Group 4: Future Research Directions - Despite significant findings regarding the molecular mechanisms of the abyssal lionfish's adaptations, many secrets about its survival and reproduction in deep-sea ecosystems remain to be uncovered [6].