Core Concept - The concept of "Green Mountains and Clear Water are as Valuable as Mountains of Gold and Silver" emphasizes the unity of economic development and ecological protection, guiding China's ecological civilization construction towards a historic transformation [1][2][3]. Theoretical Value - The "Two Mountains" theory proposed by Xi Jinping in 2005 has been consistently emphasized by the Chinese leadership, highlighting its importance in ecological civilization construction and sustainable development [2][3]. - The theory integrates Marxist ecological views with traditional Chinese ecological wisdom, forming a unique ecological civilization theory rooted in China [3][4]. Economic and Ecological Relationship - The theory breaks the dichotomy between economic development and ecological protection, establishing a harmonious coexistence perspective that recognizes the intrinsic relationship between ecology and economy [4][5]. - It posits that ecological value is inherently linked to economic and social value, advocating for a system where ecological protection is integrated into economic growth [4][5]. Practical Transformations - The implementation of the theory has led to significant improvements in China's ecological environment, with air quality and water quality showing marked enhancements [7]. - By 2024, the number of cities meeting air quality standards increased to 222, and PM2.5 levels dropped from 46 µg/m³ in 2015 to 29.3 µg/m³ [7]. Modern Economic System - The theory promotes the idea that green ecology is a significant asset, leading to the development of a modern economic system that balances ecological and economic growth [8][9]. - It encourages the integration of ecological industry and industrial ecology, fostering a complete cycle where economic development supports ecological restoration [8]. Governance and Legal Framework - The establishment of strict legal frameworks and governance systems is crucial for ensuring the effective implementation of the ecological civilization principles [9]. - The Chinese government has focused on creating a comprehensive ecological governance system to support the realization of the "Two Mountains" theory [9]. International Influence - The theory has gained international recognition, providing a model for developing countries facing ecological constraints while pursuing economic growth [10][11]. - China's approach to ecological civilization has been highlighted in international forums, showcasing its potential as a global reference for sustainable development [10][12]. Innovative Practices - Various local initiatives have emerged under the guidance of the theory, demonstrating practical applications that balance ecological protection with economic development [13]. - Examples include the transformation of ecological resources into marketable assets, such as carbon credits from bamboo forests, showcasing innovative approaches to sustainable development [13]. New Civilizational Path - The theory guides humanity towards a new form of civilization that prioritizes ecological sustainability over traditional industrial growth models [14]. - It challenges the notion that modernization must follow Western paradigms, advocating for a development path that respects ecological integrity [14].