Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of cultural exchange and mutual understanding between different civilizations, particularly focusing on the philosophical traditions of China and Greece, and how these can contribute to a new global ethical framework and educational concepts [4][5][6]. Group 1: Event Overview - The 11th Nishan World Civilization Forum will be held in Qufu, Shandong from July 9 to 10, 2025, aiming to gather global experts to address common human issues and promote understanding of Chinese civilization [3]. - The theme of the forum is "Beauty in Diversity: Civilizational Relations and Global Modernization," with subtopics including the origins and future of civilization, the global significance of Confucian culture, and the role of artificial intelligence in human civilization [3]. Group 2: Philosophical Insights - Stelios Virvidakis highlights the philosophical similarities between Chinese and Greek traditions, suggesting that differences in civilization should be viewed as "beauty in diversity" rather than obstacles [4][5]. - He points out that concepts like "harmony" in Chinese philosophy provide valuable references for global ethics, aligning with similar ideas in Greek philosophy [5][6]. Group 3: Global Challenges and Responsibilities - Virvidakis argues that addressing global issues such as climate change and artificial intelligence ethics requires integrating moral resources from different civilizations [6][20]. - He stresses the importance of philosophical education in fostering a sense of global responsibility, advocating for philosophy to be a practical guide in daily life [6][26]. Group 4: Cultural and Ethical Dialogue - The article discusses the need for a shared ethical foundation that transcends cultural differences, with core values like justice and compassion being universally relevant [14][16]. - Virvidakis emphasizes that cultural dialogue can enrich understanding and correct blind spots in one's own tradition, promoting a more harmonious global society [25][26].

Core Points - The article discusses the recent publication of "Introduction to Austrian School Economics" by Steven Horwitz, which aims to provide Chinese readers with a comprehensive understanding of the Austrian School's fundamental theories [1][4] - Horwitz highlights the resurgence of the Austrian School, emphasizing its growing public presence and the revival of its principles over recent decades [1][4] - The Austrian School traces its origins back to the economic thought revolution of the 1870s, with Carl Menger as a key figure, and was once a dominant school of thought in economics [1][4][5] Summary by Sections Historical Context - The Austrian School emerged from the "marginal revolution" in the 1870s, shifting the focus from labor value theory to utility as the source of value [5] - Menger emphasized the subjectivity of economic value, asserting that value is determined by individuals' perceptions of a good's ability to satisfy their needs [5][8] Methodology - Horwitz discusses the methodology of the Austrian School, particularly the contributions of Menger and Ludwig von Mises, who distinguished between "exact laws" and "empirical generalizations" [6][9] - The Austrian School's methodology is characterized by a priori reasoning, which is seen as essential for understanding historical economic phenomena [9][18] Key Concepts - The book covers important concepts such as market processes, spontaneous order, capital, and entrepreneurship, while also addressing significant historical debates within the Austrian School, including the debates on planned economies and the Keynes-Hayek controversy [4][6][10] Business Cycle Theory - Horwitz equates the Austrian School's business cycle theory with the ideas of Mises and Hayek, explaining that inflation occurs when the money supply exceeds the demand for money, leading to economic cycles [10][12] - Mises argues that economic downturns are corrections of previous misallocations caused by artificial credit expansion, advocating for minimal government intervention during recessions [12][10] Knowledge and Information - The Austrian School posits that knowledge is decentralized and that market prices convey information that guides economic actors, contrasting with the inefficiencies of planned economies [15][18] - Horwitz critiques modern economics for applying natural science methods to social sciences, advocating for a focus on how order emerges under proper rules and institutions [18][22] Critique and Reflection - The article notes that while the Austrian School has valuable insights, it also faces criticism for its abstract notions of freedom and its perceived neglect of real-world complexities [22][26] - The author suggests that the Austrian School needs to adapt its theories to contemporary economic discussions and acknowledges the importance of critical engagement with its principles [26][27]