Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the comprehensive interaction between cancer and the human body, emphasizing that cancer is not merely a localized tumor but a systemic disease that hijacks the nervous, immune, and metabolic systems to create a favorable environment for its progression [6]. Group 1: Tumor Microenvironment (TME) - The review highlights the role of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in regulating metabolic processes and immune cell functions within the TME [4]. - Sympathetic nerves accelerate tumor growth by releasing norepinephrine, which enhances glycolysis and angiogenesis while suppressing CD8+ T cells, creating an immunosuppressive environment [9]. - Sensory nerves, particularly pain-sensing neurons, can both signal the presence of tumors and be exploited by tumors to suppress immune responses through the release of CGRP [10]. - The role of the parasympathetic nervous system remains complex, with evidence suggesting both pro-cancer and potential anti-cancer effects, influencing immune cell functions [12]. Group 2: Tumor Macroenvironment (TMaE) - The article explains how tumors can hijack the brain's metabolic centers, leading to cachexia in late-stage patients, characterized by severe weight loss and fatigue due to the tumor's influence on appetite and metabolism [20]. - Tumors can activate or inhibit neurons in the hypothalamus, which serves as a central regulator of immune responses, indicating that tumors can control the body's immune "master switch" [21][22]. Group 3: Future Therapeutic Strategies - The article suggests new therapeutic approaches, including the use of beta-blockers to disrupt sympathetic signaling and CGRP receptor antagonists to alleviate cancer pain while inhibiting tumor growth [26]. - Precision neuro-modulation techniques, such as selective nerve ablation or advanced genetic and optical methods, are proposed as promising future directions [26]. - A comprehensive treatment strategy is recommended, focusing on both attacking the tumor and repairing the hijacked nervous, immune, and metabolic networks, treating the tumor-host interaction as an integrated ecosystem [26].