Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the advancements in anti-aging research, highlighting a shift from basic science to clinical applications, with significant breakthroughs expected by 2025 that could lead to interventions in the aging process and extended healthspan [1]. Group 1: Breakthroughs in Anti-Aging Research - The research from Washington University reveals the role of meningeal lymphatics in regulating synaptic physiology, showing that restoring lymphatic function in aged mice can reverse memory deficits [3][4]. - A study published in Nature identifies the loss of the Y chromosome as a potential new target in anti-aging and cancer research, linking it to cancer progression and immune response deterioration in males [6]. - Research from the Chinese Academy of Sciences demonstrates that the metabolite betaine can mimic exercise effects, providing a new strategy for systemic anti-aging interventions [10]. Group 2: Mechanisms of Aging and Longevity - A study from Harvard Medical School indicates that lithium deficiency is linked to cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease, with lithium supplementation reversing memory loss in mice [13]. - Research from Altos Labs introduces the concept of "mesenchymal drift," where cells lose their identity with age, and suggests that partial reprogramming can reverse this process [16]. - A study from Baylor College of Medicine reveals how lysosomal changes in parents can promote longevity in offspring through epigenetic mechanisms [19]. Group 3: DNA Repair and Aging - Research from Tongji University highlights a mutation in the cGAS protein in naked mole-rats that enhances DNA repair and extends lifespan, suggesting new strategies for human longevity [21]. - A study on bowhead whales identifies a cold-inducible protein that aids in DNA repair, contributing to their long lifespan and low cancer risk [24][26]. Group 4: Dietary and Reproductive Factors in Longevity - Research from Westlake University shows that protein restriction can reprogram the proteomic landscape in aging mice, offering insights into dietary interventions for longevity [28]. - A large-scale study from Otago University finds that sterilization and contraception can significantly extend lifespan across vertebrates, suggesting that energy allocation away from reproduction may enhance longevity [31][32]. Group 5: Immunity and Aging - A study from Zhang Feng's team demonstrates that mRNA technology can temporarily enhance liver function to produce immune factors, reversing immune aging in mice and improving responses to vaccines and cancer treatments [36].