Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the advancements in anti-aging research, highlighting a shift from basic science to clinical applications, with significant breakthroughs expected by 2025 that could lead to interventions in the aging process and extended healthspan [1]. Group 1: Breakthroughs in Anti-Aging Research - The research from Washington University reveals the role of meningeal lymphatics in regulating synaptic physiology, showing that restoring lymphatic function in aged mice can reverse memory deficits [3][4]. - A study published in Nature identifies the loss of the Y chromosome as a potential new target in anti-aging and cancer research, linking it to cancer progression and immune response deterioration in males [6]. - Research from the Chinese Academy of Sciences demonstrates that the metabolite betaine can mimic exercise effects, providing a new strategy for systemic anti-aging interventions [10]. Group 2: Mechanisms of Aging and Longevity - A study from Harvard Medical School indicates that lithium deficiency is linked to cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease, with lithium supplementation reversing memory loss in mice [13]. - Research from Altos Labs introduces the concept of "mesenchymal drift," where cells lose their identity with age, and suggests that partial reprogramming can reverse this process [16]. - A study from Baylor College of Medicine reveals how lysosomal changes in parents can promote longevity in offspring through epigenetic mechanisms [19]. Group 3: DNA Repair and Aging - Research from Tongji University highlights a mutation in the cGAS protein in naked mole-rats that enhances DNA repair and extends lifespan, suggesting new strategies for human longevity [21]. - A study on bowhead whales identifies a cold-inducible protein that aids in DNA repair, contributing to their long lifespan and low cancer risk [24][26]. Group 4: Dietary and Reproductive Factors in Longevity - Research from Westlake University shows that protein restriction can reprogram the proteomic landscape in aging mice, offering insights into dietary interventions for longevity [28]. - A large-scale study from Otago University finds that sterilization and contraception can significantly extend lifespan across vertebrates, suggesting that energy allocation away from reproduction may enhance longevity [31][32]. Group 5: Immunity and Aging - A study from Zhang Feng's team demonstrates that mRNA technology can temporarily enhance liver function to produce immune factors, reversing immune aging in mice and improving responses to vaccines and cancer treatments [36].

Core Insights - The research team from Tongji University discovered that the naked mole rat possesses a unique protein, cGAS, which functions oppositely to its human counterpart, aiding in DNA repair and contributing to the animal's longevity [1][2] - The study highlights the significance of DNA repair capabilities in determining species lifespan, with naked mole rats living up to 40 years and showing resistance to various diseases [1] - The findings were published in the international journal "Science," providing new targets for anti-aging interventions [1] Group 1 - The naked mole rat's cGAS protein enhances homologous recombination repair efficiency, contrasting with the human cGAS protein that inhibits this process [1][2] - The research identified four evolutionarily specific amino acid sites in the C-terminal domain of naked mole rat cGAS that mediate the reversal of function [2] - Mutating these sites in naked mole rat cGAS leads to the loss of its DNA repair-promoting function, while introducing them into human cGAS can reverse its aging-promoting effects [2] Group 2 - Overexpression of naked mole rat cGAS in mice helps resist multi-organ aging, reduces systemic inflammation, and extends healthy lifespan [2] - The study explores the unique DNA repair mechanisms of naked mole rats and their association with longevity, potentially offering new insights for achieving "aging without decline" in humans [2]

Core Insights - The article discusses the unique longevity and cancer resistance of the bowhead whale, which can live over 200 years, and highlights the role of a specific protein, Cold-inducible RNA-binding Protein (CIRBP), in DNA repair and genomic stability [3][6][11]. Group 1: Bowhead Whale Longevity - The bowhead whale has a lifespan exceeding 200 years, which is significantly longer than that of other mammals, such as mice, which live only 2-3 years [2]. - Despite its large size (over 80 tons) and the expectation of high cancer rates due to DNA mutations, the bowhead whale exhibits low cancer incidence, suggesting a unique genetic mechanism for cancer prevention [2][11]. Group 2: Research Findings - A study published in Nature identified CIRBP as a key protein activated in cold environments that aids in repairing DNA double-strand breaks, contributing to the bowhead whale's longevity and low cancer risk [3][6]. - The research demonstrated that expressing CIRBP in human cells enhances DNA repair capabilities, and in fruit flies, it extends lifespan and increases resistance to DNA-damaging radiation [9][11]. Group 3: Implications for Human Health - The findings suggest that enhancing DNA repair mechanisms could provide significant opportunities for extending human lifespan and improving health [4][11]. - The study indicates that bowhead whales maintain genomic integrity not by relying on additional anti-cancer genes but through superior DNA repair processes [11].

Core Viewpoint - The research reveals that specific mutations in the cGAS protein of naked mole-rats enhance DNA repair mechanisms, potentially leading to extended lifespan and healthspan, suggesting a new strategy for aging intervention in humans [2][3][9]. Summary by Sections Research Findings - The study identifies four specific amino acid mutations in the cGAS protein of naked mole-rats that convert it from a DNA repair inhibitor to a repair enhancer, thereby promoting DNA repair and delaying aging [3][6]. - Compared to humans and mice, naked mole-rat cGAS improves the efficiency of homologous recombination repair, which is crucial for maintaining genomic stability [6][9]. Mechanism of Action - The mutations in cGAS alter its interaction with ubiquitin, extending its retention time on chromatin after DNA damage, which enhances the formation of complexes necessary for DNA repair [6][9]. - The study demonstrates that the naked mole-rat cGAS mitigates stress-induced cellular aging and organ degeneration, contributing to increased lifespan [6][9]. Experimental Validation - Delivery of naked mole-rat cGAS to aged mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV) alleviated signs of frailty, reduced inflammation markers, and decreased cellular aging indicators, thereby extending healthspan [7][9]. Implications for Human Aging - The findings suggest that mimicking the unique mutations of naked mole-rat cGAS through small molecules or gene editing could offer new avenues for delaying aging and enhancing healthspan in humans [3][9].

Core Insights - The article highlights the significant contributions of Chinese scholars in the latest issue of the journal Nature, with 12 out of 24 papers authored by them, indicating a strong presence in cutting-edge research [1][25]. Group 1: Research on Health and Medicine - A study from Zhaoquan Wang at the Sloan Kettering Cancer Center reveals that high fructose intake in early life impairs microglial phagocytosis and neurodevelopment, potentially increasing anxiety risk during adolescence [1]. - Research by Yang Wei from the NIH discusses the dynamic assemblies and coordinated reactions involved in non-homologous end joining, providing insights into DNA repair mechanisms [4]. - A paper from Gaoqun Zhang at the Max Planck Institute explores the developmental trajectory and evolutionary origin of thymic mimetic cells, shedding light on immune system development [10]. - A study by Lingjie Sang from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center identifies glycosaminoglycan-driven lipoprotein uptake as a key mechanism for cancer cells to resist ferroptosis, suggesting a new target for cancer therapy [11]. Group 2: Innovations in Technology and Materials - Research by Jianmin Liang at Arizona State University presents a fully open AI foundation model for chest radiography, outperforming existing models in detecting rare chest diseases [2][4]. - A study from Jack Chun-Ting Liu at Stanford University discovers genes enabling the biosynthesis of baccatin III, a precursor for the anticancer drug paclitaxel, addressing the challenge of sourcing sufficient quantities from natural plants [3]. - A paper from Jia Liu at Harvard University introduces a flexible neural implant that grows with the brain, promising advancements in treating neurological disorders [5]. - Research from Zheng Guo at the University of Science and Technology of China demonstrates a new method to enhance the lifespan of perovskite light-emitting diodes, achieving brightness over 1.16 million nits and a lifespan exceeding 180,000 hours [7]. Group 3: Environmental and Earth Sciences - A study by Jianghui Du at ETH Zurich challenges traditional views on marine biogeochemistry, indicating that various trace elements in the ocean originate from the seafloor [6]. - Research by Peng Gao at Peking University investigates phonon transport dynamics across interfaces, providing insights for thermal interface engineering [8]. - A paper from Wei-Yu Qian at Leibniz University presents the preparation of a neutral nitrogen allotrope, which could open new opportunities for energy storage concepts [9].