Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the advancements in third-generation biorefining technology that utilizes one-carbon (C1) resources, such as CO2, to produce biofuels and chemicals, contributing to carbon capture and utilization, and supporting carbon neutrality goals [1][3][9]. Summary by Sections 1. Development of Biorefining Technology - The oil crisis in the 1970s spurred research and industrialization of biofuels, leading to the introduction of biorefining concepts in the 1980s [7]. - The first-generation biorefining technology, using food crops, faced challenges related to resource efficiency and competition with food production [8]. - The second-generation technology, based on lignocellulosic biomass, has potential but is hindered by high costs and technical barriers [8]. 2. Third-Generation Biorefining Technology - Third-generation biorefining aims to convert CO2 and renewable energy sources into fuels and chemicals, overcoming limitations of previous technologies [9]. - This technology has shown significant progress, with over 10 carbon fixation pathways validated, and some CO2 fixation technologies have reached commercialization [4][9]. - Examples include projects that convert industrial emissions into bioethanol, significantly reducing CO2 emissions [4]. 3. Carbon Fixation Pathways - More than 10 carbon fixation pathways have been identified, including natural pathways like the Calvin cycle and engineered pathways [11][36]. - The article details various pathways, such as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and reductive TCA cycle, highlighting their unique characteristics and potential for industrial application [16][33]. 4. Engineering of Carbon Fixation - Key factors influencing carbon fixation efficiency include energy sources, substrate types, and enzyme characteristics [36]. - Engineering efforts focus on optimizing microbial strains for better CO2 utilization and product yield, with examples of successful modifications in various microorganisms [38]. 5. Commercialization and Future Prospects - The commercialization of third-generation biorefining technologies is underway, with successful projects demonstrating the feasibility of using CO2 as a raw material [4][9]. - Future developments are expected to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of these technologies, contributing to sustainable bio-manufacturing [9][36].