Core Argument - The core argument of Ueno Chizuko's work is a critical reflection on the failures and successes of past social movements in Japan, particularly focusing on the leftist movements of the 1960s and 1970s, and their implications for the current generation [4]. Group 1: Social Movements and Their Impact - Ueno highlights that while the leftist movements of the past contributed to discussions on gender equality and social justice, they ultimately failed to achieve systemic change [4]. - The author critiques the blind spots of these movements, particularly their neglect of differences among various social groups and their overly idealistic goals that led to a disconnect from reality [4]. Group 2: Vision for the Future - Ueno envisions a society where the weak can be respected for their vulnerability, rather than being pressured to conform to traditional notions of strength [4]. - The author questions the authority of the older generation to instruct the youth on the future of Japan, given the current state of the world, emphasizing the need for accountability [4].

Core Viewpoint - The book "Who Ruined the World?" by Japanese scholar Chizuko Ueno explores the societal structures that contribute to individual struggles and the illusion of meritocracy in various life stages, including work, marriage, education, and old age [2][6][10]. Group 1: Societal Issues - The current society does not allow individuals to comfortably be vulnerable, leading to a culture of self-reliance and personal responsibility that exacerbates feelings of isolation and despair [6][10]. - The belief that personal effort alone can change one's life trajectory is challenged, highlighting the existence of systemic inequalities and unfair treatment that many face [6][10]. - The author reflects on the structural mechanisms that disadvantage women, emphasizing that their struggles are not solely due to personal choices but are rooted in societal frameworks [8][10]. Group 2: Gender and Social Structure - The author identifies the patriarchal system as a fundamental cause of women's misfortunes, illustrating this through personal anecdotes and research on the lives of housewives [8][10]. - Despite advancements in women's rights and diverse life choices, the widening wealth gap and increasing number of low-income single women indicate that systemic issues persist [10]. - The book aims to provoke thought on critical questions regarding competition, societal expectations, and the stigmatization of childless individuals, urging readers to reconsider the necessity of these pressures [10][11]. Group 3: Hope and Change - While acknowledging the challenges, the author expresses a belief in the potential for small changes, such as the rise of feminist movements and the establishment of support systems for victims of domestic violence [10][11]. - The narrative encourages resilience and the possibility of creating a better society for future generations, despite the author's feelings of inadequacy in effecting significant change [11].