《书写启蒙：改变欧洲的十二部经典》，[美] 加里·凯茨著，杨春丽 、郑启宁译，译林出版社，2025年 11月版，568页，98.00元 凯茨进而指出："启蒙运动的经典是读者、书商、出版商和作者高度合作的产物，这一切只发生在18世 纪。……历史学家把启蒙运动看作读者、作者和出版商共同参与的一个历史事件。这使我们更清楚地看 到，启蒙运动是由批判性阅读群体共同创造的，这个群体在欧洲及其海外殖民地出现，并蓬勃发 展。"（引言，第3-4页）——1971年罗伯特·达恩顿（Robert Darnton）以一篇综述论文的形式发表了这 个结论，自此开启了对启蒙运动的文化历史研究：应该首先理解的是观念如何走向社会、如何在复杂的 社会体系中传递的，因此最重要的是要研究在十八世纪的欧洲，图书和期刊的流通如何决定了思想的传 播。 达恩顿的《启蒙运动的生意》（Business of Enlightenment，1979）关注的是《百科全书》如何在1759年 法国法律的压制之下流行起来，细致缜密地描述了法国及其邻国的书商、印刷商、政府审查员、警察甚 至宗教事务官之间的同谋关系。在这之后，达恩顿的主要研究成果集中体现在1995年出版的《17 ...

Core Perspective - French cuisine is renowned globally for its exquisite cooking methods, delicious dishes, and elegant dining etiquette, which contribute to its image as high-end gastronomy. The resistance against American fast food and Coca-Cola in France highlights the deep connection between food and national identity, as well as the political implications of dietary choices [1]. Group 1: Historical Context - The evolution of French cuisine began in the early 16th century with the arrival of Italian chefs at the French court, establishing France as a culinary leader in Europe. Modern French cuisine took shape in the 19th century after the upheaval of the French Revolution [1]. - Emma C. Spary's research connects food science with social transformation during the Enlightenment and Revolution in France, as seen in her works "Eating the Enlightenment" and "Feeding France" [1][7]. Group 2: Scientific Influence on Cuisine - The field of food history has advanced significantly in the past thirty years, integrating food studies with environmental, colonial, and imperial histories, thus transitioning from popular history to more specialized research [7]. - Spary's approach includes chefs and winemakers as producers of scientific knowledge, linking science, food, and Enlightenment thought, which challenges traditional views of scientific history that focus solely on theoretical developments [7][10]. Group 3: Food and Society - The 18th century saw a critical examination of obesity among the wealthy, with a growing emphasis on moderation and health as societal ideals. This shift was influenced by scientific understandings of nutrition and the human body [12][16]. - The concept of "economy" in the 18th century encompassed not only frugality but also a systemic approach to resource management, reflecting societal crises and the need for effective governance [19][20]. Group 4: Role of State and Science - The state played a crucial role in the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge, establishing institutions like academies and medical schools that were funded by the government to support national governance [21][24]. - The government utilized scientific knowledge to guide public consumption and maintain social order, especially during food shortages, by promoting substitutes for traditional foods and encouraging rational consumption [22][24]. Group 5: Impact on Modern Food Practices - Spary's works illustrate how the scientific understanding of food has shaped dietary practices and societal norms, emphasizing the importance of moderation and health in the context of national stability [26]. - Despite the push for new food products and practices, traditional foods like wheat bread and sugar have retained their significance, indicating a complex relationship between innovation and established habits in French cuisine [26].

Core Argument - The core argument of Ueno Chizuko's work is a critical reflection on the failures and successes of past social movements in Japan, particularly focusing on the leftist movements of the 1960s and 1970s, and their implications for the current generation [4]. Group 1: Social Movements and Their Impact - Ueno highlights that while the leftist movements of the past contributed to discussions on gender equality and social justice, they ultimately failed to achieve systemic change [4]. - The author critiques the blind spots of these movements, particularly their neglect of differences among various social groups and their overly idealistic goals that led to a disconnect from reality [4]. Group 2: Vision for the Future - Ueno envisions a society where the weak can be respected for their vulnerability, rather than being pressured to conform to traditional notions of strength [4]. - The author questions the authority of the older generation to instruct the youth on the future of Japan, given the current state of the world, emphasizing the need for accountability [4].

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding how technological change drives sustained economic growth [1] Group 1: Contributions of Joel Mokyr - Mokyr's research focuses on the origins and evolution of modern economic growth through systematic studies of economic history [1] - He emphasizes the role of knowledge in economic growth, arguing that modern growth is significantly more dependent on knowledge compared to pre-modern economies [5][6] - Mokyr attributes the rise of knowledge's importance in economic growth to the Enlightenment, which reshaped knowledge systems and encouraged scientific inquiry [6][7] Group 2: Contributions of Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt - Aghion and Howitt introduced the concept of "creative destruction," explaining how technological progress disrupts old structures to promote economic growth [11][12] - Their work on endogenous growth theory highlights the dual effects of technological change: enhancing long-term growth potential while also causing disruptions to existing enterprises [12][13] - Aghion's research also delves into the micro-mechanisms and institutional factors behind innovation, including the impact of ownership structures and financing environments [13]