Group 1: Core Financing Methods - The London Stock Exchange (LSE) offers a variety of refinancing tools for listed companies, including equity financing, debt financing, and hybrid instruments [2] - Equity financing is the most common method, with options such as Placing, Open Offer, Rights Issue, and Private Placement [2][3][5][7] - Debt financing includes Corporate Bonds, Eurobonds, and Convertible Bonds, allowing companies to raise funds efficiently while maintaining control over equity [8][10][11] Group 2: Key Points of LSE Refinancing - All refinancing activities must comply with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) regulations, including the Financial Services and Markets Act (FSMA) and Listing Rules [14] - Information disclosure is critical, requiring a prospectus for public offerings and adherence to market abuse regulations [15][16] - The investor base at LSE is predominantly international institutions, which prefer high liquidity and transparency in their investments [21] Group 3: Cost and Efficiency Considerations - Direct costs associated with refinancing include underwriting fees, legal/audit fees, and prospectus preparation costs, with public offerings generally being more expensive than private placements [17] - Indirect costs may involve equity dilution and short-term stock price volatility following announcements [18] - Companies on the Main Market typically have lower financing costs due to their larger size and higher credit ratings, while AIM companies often rely on private placements and need to present a clear growth narrative [19][20]