Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the emergence of supernodes in high-performance computing, emphasizing their role in enhancing the efficiency of large-scale model training and inference through optical technology [1][2][21]. Group 1: Supernode Architecture and Performance - Supernodes provide a new solution for large-scale model training and inference, significantly improving efficiency by optimizing resource allocation and data transmission [1]. - The architecture of supernodes can be categorized into single-layer and two-layer designs, with single-layer architecture being the ultimate goal due to its lower latency and higher reliability [4][6]. - The demand for GPU power has surged with the exponential growth of model sizes, necessitating thousands of GPUs to work in tandem, which supernodes can facilitate [1][2]. Group 2: Challenges in Domestic Ecosystem - Domestic GPUs face significant performance gaps compared to international counterparts, requiring hundreds of domestic GPUs to match the power of a few high-end international GPUs [6][8]. - The implementation of supernodes in the domestic market is hindered by limitations in manufacturing processes, such as the 7nm technology [6]. Group 3: Development Paths for Supernodes - Two main development paths are proposed: increasing the power capacity of individual cabinets to accommodate more GPUs or increasing the number of cabinets while ensuring efficient interconnection [8][10]. - Optical interconnect technology is crucial for multi-cabinet scenarios, offering significant advantages over traditional copper cables in terms of transmission distance and flexibility [10][12]. Group 4: Optical Technology Advancements - The transition to higher integration optical products, such as Co-Packaged Optics (CPO), enhances system performance by reducing complexity and improving reliability [14][16]. - CPO technology can save 1/3 to 2/3 of power consumption, which is significant even though communication power is a smaller fraction of total GPU power [16][17]. Group 5: Reliability and Flexibility - The use of distributed optical switching technology enhances the flexibility and reliability of supernodes, allowing for dynamic topology adjustments in case of node failures [18][19]. - Optical interconnect technology simplifies the supply chain, making it more controllable compared to advanced process-dependent components [19][21]. Group 6: Future Outlook - With advancements in domestic GPU performance and the maturation of optical interconnect technology, the supernode ecosystem is expected to achieve significant breakthroughs, supporting the rapid development of artificial intelligence [21].