Core Viewpoint - The article discusses various aspects of public economics, focusing on unemployment insurance, disability insurance, Medicaid, inheritance motives, and healthcare reforms, highlighting disparities and impacts on different demographics and systems [2][3][4][5][6]. Unemployment Insurance - There is significant racial inequality in unemployment insurance benefits in the U.S., with Black individuals being 30% less likely to receive benefits and receiving 46% less in benefits compared to White individuals. This gap is partly explained by lower pre-unemployment earnings and a higher tendency for Black individuals to live in the South [9][10]. - The withdrawal of expanded unemployment insurance benefits led to an increase in job-finding, particularly among financially constrained individuals, but also resulted in higher demand for other government services and increased credit defaults [13][14]. Disability Insurance - A policy change from a "cash cliff" mechanism to a "benefit offset ramp" did not significantly affect the income or benefit amounts of disability insurance beneficiaries, indicating limited impact due to administrative burdens and systemic barriers [16][17]. Medicaid - Outsourcing Medicaid services to private insurers initially reduced fiscal costs but led to continuous increases in Medicaid spending over subsequent years, with costs in mandated counties rising by 9.8% four years post-mandate [18][19]. - The implementation of Medicaid managed care improved healthcare quality and access for beneficiaries, with positive spillover effects observed in non-Medicaid privately insured individuals, particularly in low-income areas [27][28]. Inheritance Motives - The distribution of inheritances among married couples after the death of one spouse resembles that of single individuals, with no evidence supporting altruistic or dynastic models. Different asset types exhibit varying distribution patterns, with life insurance and housing often being distributed unequally [20][21][22]. Healthcare Reforms - A healthcare reform that standardized procedures for specific diseases resulted in a 4.4% average decrease in mortality rates for those diseases, indicating improved healthcare outcomes without resource shifts explaining the effect [24][25].