Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance [3][6] - The discovery of regulatory T cells (Treg) has laid the foundation for new research areas, potentially leading to treatments for autoimmune diseases, improved cancer therapies, and prevention of severe complications after stem cell transplants [6] Summary by Sections Recent Nobel Prize Winners - The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation [13] - The 2022 Nobel Prize was awarded to Svante Pääbo for his discoveries in extinct human genomes and human evolution [19] - The 2020 Nobel Prize was awarded to Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles M. Rice for their discovery of the hepatitis C virus [23] - The 2019 Nobel Prize was awarded to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, and Gregg L. Semenza for their discoveries on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen supply [24] - The 2018 Nobel Prize was awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their contributions to cancer therapy through negative immune regulation [25] - The 2017 Nobel Prize was awarded to Jeffrey C Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young for their discoveries of the molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythms [29] - The 2016 Nobel Prize was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy [31] - The 2015 Nobel Prize was awarded to William C. Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura, and Tu Youyou for their discoveries of new therapies for parasitic diseases and malaria [33] Impactful Medical Discoveries - The Nobel Prize website lists three transformative medical discoveries: HIV, mRNA vaccines, and Helicobacter pylori [7] - The discovery of HIV by Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier fundamentally improved treatment methods for AIDS patients [8] - The development of mRNA vaccines by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman contributed significantly to the rapid vaccine development during the COVID-19 pandemic [9] - The discovery by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren that stomach ulcers are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori changed the understanding of this condition [10] Trends in Nobel Prizes - Since the 21st century, advancements in biology and medicine have led to a significant number of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry being awarded to biologists, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of modern scientific research [37]