中新网北京2月4日电 (记者 孙自法)施普林格·自然旗下专业学术期刊《自然-医学》最新发表一篇癌症研 究论文称，一项涵盖185个国家、36种癌症类型的分析显示，2022年全球近40%的新增癌症病例可能与 可改变的风险因素相关。 在本项研究中，IARC/WHO研究团队估计了全球及各国可能归因于30项可改变风险因素的癌症负担， 结合2022年的发病数据(来自185个国家的36种癌症类型)与约10年前的暴露流行情况，并在考虑风险因 素之间可能共存的前提下，计算了各风险因素与病例数量的关联。 他们指出，2022年全球1870万例新增癌症病例中，约有710万例(37.8%)能归因于这些可改变风险因素， 其中，吸烟(15.1%)、感染(10.2%)与饮酒(3.2%)是主要贡献因素，而肺癌、胃癌与宫颈癌合计约占这些 潜在可预防病例的近一半。 对于全球女性而言，人类乳头瘤病毒(HPV)或幽门螺杆菌等感染似乎是最大的癌症风险因素，与11.5% 的病例相关；而对于全球男性而言，最大风险因素是吸烟，与23.1%的病例相关。研究团队同时指出了 若干地域差异，例如撒哈拉以南非洲女性的癌症负担中，与可改变风险因素相关的比例最高(38.2 ...

Core Points - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance [3][6] - The discovery of regulatory T cells (Treg) has laid the foundation for new research areas, potentially leading to treatments for autoimmune diseases, improved cancer therapies, and prevention of severe complications after stem cell transplants [6] Summary by Sections Recent Nobel Prize Winners - The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation [13] - The 2022 Nobel Prize was awarded to Svante Pääbo for his discoveries in extinct human genomes and human evolution [19] - The 2020 Nobel Prize was awarded to Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles M. Rice for their discovery of the hepatitis C virus [23] - The 2019 Nobel Prize was awarded to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, and Gregg L. Semenza for their discoveries on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen supply [24] - The 2018 Nobel Prize was awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their contributions to cancer therapy through negative immune regulation [25] - The 2017 Nobel Prize was awarded to Jeffrey C Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young for their discoveries of the molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythms [29] - The 2016 Nobel Prize was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy [31] - The 2015 Nobel Prize was awarded to William C. Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura, and Tu Youyou for their discoveries of new therapies for parasitic diseases and malaria [33] Impactful Medical Discoveries - The Nobel Prize website lists three transformative medical discoveries: HIV, mRNA vaccines, and Helicobacter pylori [7] - The discovery of HIV by Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier fundamentally improved treatment methods for AIDS patients [8] - The development of mRNA vaccines by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman contributed significantly to the rapid vaccine development during the COVID-19 pandemic [9] - The discovery by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren that stomach ulcers are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori changed the understanding of this condition [10] Trends in Nobel Prizes - Since the 21st century, advancements in biology and medicine have led to a significant number of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry being awarded to biologists, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of modern scientific research [37]