Group 1 - The character "午" has evolved from its ancient form resembling a grain pounding tool, indicating its historical significance in agriculture and food processing [2][4] - The earliest known grain processing tools were stone grinding plates and sticks, which were later supplemented by the invention of the pestle and mortar to meet increasing agricultural demands [2][3] - Archaeological findings, such as the wooden pestle from the Hemudu site in Zhejiang, demonstrate that the pestle was invented during the Neolithic period, highlighting advancements in food processing technology [3] Group 2 - The coexistence of pestles and mortars with stone grinding tools during the Yangshao culture period provides valuable insights into the development of productivity and living conditions of that era [4] - The character "午" transitioned from representing a grain pounding tool to denoting "midday," with interpretations linking it to the concept of the sun's position and seasonal changes [4]

Core Insights - The article discusses the archaeological significance of the Shangshan site in Zhejiang Province, which is recognized as one of the earliest Neolithic sites in the lower Yangtze River region, dating back approximately 11,000 to 8,500 years [2][4]. Archaeological Discoveries - The Shangshan site was discovered during a rescue excavation prompted by land leveling activities in 2000, leading to the preservation of this ancient cultural site [2]. - Initial excavations revealed a complete ceramic ding and other artifacts, confirming the site's association with the Liangzhu culture [3][4]. - Subsequent excavations from 2004 to 2006 uncovered multiple house sites, indicating that the Shangshan culture had established settled villages, with evidence of early rice agriculture [5]. Cultural Significance - The findings at the Shangshan site have challenged traditional views, establishing it as a significant origin point for rice cultivation in China, pushing back the timeline of agricultural development in the region by several thousand years [4][12]. - The Shangshan culture is recognized as one of the earliest and most extensive Neolithic cultures in the Qiantang River basin, contributing to the understanding of early agricultural and settlement practices in southern China [12]. Architectural Insights - The site features a well-preserved structure with three rows of post holes, suggesting the presence of stilt houses, which may represent the earliest known examples of such architecture in China [8][11]. - The discovery of a moat surrounding the settlement indicates an early awareness of land ownership and community defense [11][16]. Agricultural Practices - Evidence of early rice cultivation was found, including carbonized rice grains and agricultural tools, indicating that the Shangshan people had developed techniques for planting and processing rice [8][12][13]. - The presence of storage pits for food and pottery suggests a surplus production and possibly early ritual practices related to storage and offerings [9][12]. Artistic Developments - The Shangshan culture is noted for its early pottery, including painted ceramics, which reflect advanced artistic techniques and possibly ritual significance [15][16]. - The incorporation of rice husks and other plant materials in pottery production demonstrates the innovative practices of the Shangshan people [14][15].