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美国“造芯”时代,来临?
虎嗅APP· 2025-04-20 08:41
Core Viewpoint - TSMC's expansion in the U.S. represents a significant step towards advanced semiconductor manufacturing in America, testing the effectiveness of the CHIPS and Science Act in stabilizing the semiconductor supply chain [1]. Group 1: TSMC's U.S. Investment - TSMC announced a historic plan in May 2020 to invest $12 billion in a semiconductor manufacturing plant in Phoenix, Arizona, which was later increased to $40 billion for a second facility [3]. - By March 2025, TSMC plans to add an additional $100 billion investment, bringing the total investment in the U.S. to $165 billion, making it the largest foreign direct investment project in U.S. history [3][4]. - The first fab is set to start mass production using N4 technology in Q4 2024, with subsequent fabs adopting N3 and 2nm technologies, respectively [4]. Group 2: Key Clients and Supply Chain Restructuring - Major U.S. chip design companies like Apple, AMD, and NVIDIA are transitioning their production to TSMC's U.S. facility, indicating a shift towards local manufacturing [7]. - Apple is expected to begin commercial production of chips from TSMC's U.S. plant in 2025, with plans to invest over $500 billion in the U.S. over the next four years [7][8]. - AMD and NVIDIA have also announced plans to produce their chips at TSMC's Arizona facility, marking a significant move towards domestic manufacturing [8][9]. Group 3: Intel's Role in Local Manufacturing - Intel is focusing on its foundry services to meet the growing demand for chips, emphasizing the need for a reliable supply chain [10][12]. - The company aims to establish deep partnerships with key clients to enhance its foundry capabilities and compete with TSMC [12]. - Reports suggest a potential joint venture between Intel and TSMC to manage U.S. wafer fabrication assets, which could enhance collaboration in domestic manufacturing [13]. Group 4: Challenges in Replicating TSMC's Model - The U.S. faces significant challenges in replicating TSMC's efficient manufacturing model, including high costs and a lack of a complete semiconductor ecosystem [15][16]. - Initial construction costs for TSMC's Arizona plant are high, but operational costs are expected to converge with those in Taiwan once production stabilizes [16]. - The U.S. semiconductor infrastructure is currently weak in critical areas, leading to reliance on Asian suppliers for essential equipment and materials [19]. Group 5: Cultural and Operational Differences - There are significant cultural differences in engineering practices between Taiwan and the U.S., which may affect operational efficiency in U.S. semiconductor manufacturing [20][21]. - The U.S. emphasis on work-life balance and employee rights may conflict with the high-intensity work culture prevalent in Taiwan's semiconductor industry [21]. Conclusion - The U.S. semiconductor strategy is evolving, driven by geopolitical considerations rather than purely economic factors, and while it may enhance competitiveness in specific areas, it is unlikely to disrupt TSMC's dominance in the near term [22].