Public Disclosure Authorized Rapid Social Response Adaptive and Dynamic Social Protection Umbrella Program Gender Window Review Report OCTOBER 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretat ...

Report number 194677 Educational Accessand DisparitiesinMyanmar November 2024 2 + 1 = ....... 2 + 4 = ....... 4 - 2 = ....... 7 - 3 = ....... k K g G c s S z Z v WORLD BANK GROUP Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2024 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretatio ...

Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the urgent need to address structural inequalities in Africa to accelerate poverty reduction, indicating a positive outlook for investments aimed at tackling these issues [27][28][29]. Core Insights - Africa faces significant structural inequalities that hinder economic growth and poverty reduction, with over half of income inequality attributed to circumstances beyond individual control [29][30]. - The report proposes a three-pronged policy framework to level the playing field, focusing on building productive capacities, creating jobs, and implementing fair fiscal policies [31][32]. Summary by Sections Chapter 1: Inequality in Africa - Africa is characterized by high levels of income inequality, making it the second-most unequal region globally [8][29]. - Structural inequality is a major constraint on economic growth and poverty reduction [29][30]. Chapter 2: The Poverty Reduction Challenge in Africa - The gap in well-being between Africa and the rest of the world has widened since the 2000s, with slow rates of poverty reduction linked to low and inequitable growth [10][28]. - Structural inequality limits mobility and the efficiency of growth, further slowing poverty reduction [10][28]. Chapter 3: Building Productive Capacity - There are ongoing trends that exacerbate structural inequality in building productive capacity, necessitating policies that promote equity [13][29]. - The chapter highlights the importance of addressing market distortions that affect access to opportunities [13][29]. Chapter 4: Using Productive Capacities - Structural inequality in using productive capacity is linked to market distortions, which affect job creation and earnings [14][29]. - The report discusses the need for policies that open up job opportunities for all workers [14][29]. Chapter 5: Fiscal Policies - Governments can significantly improve the situation through effective fiscal policies that promote redistribution [15][29]. - The report notes that greater redistribution is possible in many middle-income and resource-rich countries [15][29]. Chapter 6: Tackling Structural Inequalities - The report emphasizes that addressing structural inequalities is crucial for accelerating poverty reduction and growth [15][31]. - It draws lessons from successful episodes of economic growth that have also reduced poverty and inequality [15][31].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The 2022 Colombian Tax Reform mandated the National Tax and Customs Authority (DIAN) to conduct gender-focused studies, leading to the establishment of institutional structures and strategies for sex-disaggregation in tax data [8][20]. - DIAN's experience in sex-disaggregating tax data aims to offer lessons for other revenue administrations and government agencies [8][20]. - The report highlights the importance of integrating gender analysis into tax policies to promote inclusive economic growth and sustainable development [6][8]. Summary by Sections 1. Tax Data Disaggregation - DIAN has faced limitations in integrating gender-focused analysis into tax data, collaborating with the National Civil Registry to identify taxpayer sex under a restrictive information agreement [9][10]. - The latest strategy for disaggregating personal income tax data by sex involved merging taxpayer and pension data, using ID number rules, and applying a name-based algorithm [10][11]. 2. Data Disaggregation by Gender Identity - Since 2022, DIAN has invited taxpayers to voluntarily report their sex in four categories (male, female, non-binary, transgender) in tax returns, with about 1 million individuals declaring their sex in 2023 [13][14]. - The self-declaration option has been discontinued due to sensitivity concerns, and DIAN now retrieves this data from identity documents in the National Civil Registry [13][50]. 3. Lessons Learned - Key lessons from DIAN's experience include the importance of legal mandates, competent technical staff, and inter-agency collaboration for effective data sharing [16][79]. - Challenges include low completion rates for self-reported sex and discomfort among taxpayers when asked about their sex during registration [16][80]. 4. Methodologies and Institutional Strategies - DIAN's disaggregation efforts evolved through various phases, with significant legal reforms and the establishment of working groups to handle data disaggregation [28][51]. - The report outlines a three-step process for disaggregating tax data, including merging databases and applying algorithms for sex classification [38][39]. 5. Use of Disaggregated Data - The sex-disaggregated data is utilized for internal analysis and policy evaluation, providing insights into gender differences in income distribution and tax burdens [59][60]. - Future analyses will focus on additional tax regimes and factors such as marital status and age to enrich understanding of tax data by sex [65][66].

Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the critical role of the water sector in climate adaptation and mitigation, highlighting substantial investment needs and the necessity for private sector involvement to bridge the financing gap [11][20][62]. Core Insights - Water security is essential for agricultural productivity, food security, human development, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. The water sector is pivotal in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change [20][28][32]. - The report identifies significant untapped potential for climate mitigation within the water sector, with approximately 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions linked to water-related activities [27][52]. - Effective water demand management is often more cost-effective than supply-side solutions, requiring adjustments in water tariffs and increased consumer awareness [20][71]. Summary by Sections Water Security and Climate Change - The report discusses the impact of climate change on water resources, emphasizing that changes in temperature and precipitation will disrupt the water cycle, leading to increased droughts and floods [37][38]. - It highlights that water-related challenges are frequently mentioned in Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs), with 39 countries analyzing the water/climate change nexus [15][24]. Investment Needs and Financing - The CCDRs indicate that annual investment needs in the water sector could range from less than 0.5% to nearly 3% of GDP for the next decade [63][67]. - Public sector spending dominates water investments, accounting for approximately 91.4% of total expenditures, while private sector contributions remain minimal [67][70]. Recommendations for Improvement - The report suggests enhancing water resource management through infrastructure investment, policy reforms, and improved financial sustainability [76][78]. - It emphasizes the importance of scaling up private sector financing and establishing enabling conditions for participation, including regulatory frameworks and cost-recovery pricing mechanisms [90][91]. Climate Adaptation and Mitigation - Water sector actions are crucial for both climate adaptation and mitigation, with recommendations focusing primarily on adaptation strategies [48][52]. - The report outlines the need for innovative solutions, such as digital technologies, to improve water management and enhance resilience against climate shocks [84][86]. Future Directions - Future CCDRs should include detailed assessments of investment needs and the impacts of water sector shocks on the macroeconomy, as well as emphasize the importance of transboundary water governance [91][98][99].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the cooperative financial institutions (CFIs) sector. Core Insights - Cooperative financial institutions (CFIs) have significant potential to enhance financial inclusion in underserved areas, particularly in rural and marginal urban regions. However, many CFIs struggle to reach their full potential due to inadequate regulation and supervision, weak financial safety nets, and other operational challenges [16][17][24]. Summary by Sections Background and Objective of the Project - The project aims to strengthen CFIs by improving their regulatory and supervisory frameworks and financial safety nets, which are essential for financial inclusion and rural development [29][30]. Project Objective and Main Activities - The project employed a parallel approach in Colombia, Ethiopia, and West Africa, focusing on regulatory reforms and technical support to enhance CFIs' operational capabilities [32][36]. Selection Process of Pilot Countries/Jurisdictions - Colombia, Ethiopia, and West Africa were selected based on their potential for public sector engagement, the relevance of the CFI sector, and existing relationships with stakeholders [41][43]. Colombia - Colombia has 176 CFIs serving approximately 3.6 million members, with significant potential for agricultural development. However, CFIs face challenges in technology investments and regulatory improvements [47][48]. Ethiopia - Ethiopia has around 21,883 SACCOs serving over 6 million members, playing a crucial role in financial inclusion. However, the sector faces competition and requires improvements in service offerings [54][55]. West Africa - The CIF network in West Africa serves 5 million members across six countries, with a focus on enhancing its supervisory and safety net functions. The project aims to strengthen the network's operational processes and digital capabilities [62][66]. Key Observations and Next Steps - The project highlighted the importance of collaboration between regulators, supervisors, and CFIs to implement effective reforms. Future efforts will focus on continuous support for the reform process and enhancing the resilience of CFIs in fragile contexts [52][68]. Lessons Learned - The project underscored the value of CFIs in financial sector development and the benefits of improving their regulatory and supervisory frameworks in parallel with institutional development [72].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the World Bank Group (WBG) in Papua New Guinea (PNG) Core Insights - The WBG is increasingly perceived as an effective partner in PNG, with respondents rating its collaboration and responsiveness positively compared to previous years [51][72] - Familiarity with the WBG has significantly improved, with a mean rating of 7.1 in FY24 compared to 6.1 in FY21 [12][13] - Stakeholders expressed a desire for the WBG to focus on agriculture/rural development, education, and transport infrastructure as key development priorities [43][45] Summary by Sections Objectives - The survey aimed to understand stakeholder perceptions of the WBG, focusing on familiarity, effectiveness, and development priorities [6] Methodology Overview - The survey was conducted with 632 potential participants, achieving a 35% response rate with 219 completed surveys [7][8] Overall Context - Respondents emphasized the need for the WBG to be culturally and contextually aware of PNG's diverse dynamics to tailor its programs effectively [10] Overall Attitudes Toward the WBG - Trust in the WBG has improved, with a mean rating of 7.4, indicating a positive shift in stakeholder perceptions [16][18] Key Performance Indicators - Ratings for the WBG's alignment with PNG's development priorities and its effectiveness in achieving results have significantly increased, with mean scores of 7.6 and 7.2 respectively [22][27] Development Areas for WBG Focus - Agriculture/rural development remains the top priority, followed by education, which saw a notable increase in importance from previous years [43][45] Financial Instruments and Knowledge Work - Respondents value the WBG's financial resources and technical assistance, with 50% highlighting financial resources as the greatest value [67][70] Collaboration Effectiveness - The WBG is perceived to collaborate more effectively with national government and civil society compared to FY21, indicating improved stakeholder engagement [57][60]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The report analyzes the digital technology adoption of Armenian firms based on a survey conducted in 2023, revealing that over 60% of firms have not adopted any modern technology, which significantly impacts their competitiveness and productivity [13][22][73]. - The findings indicate a substantial divide in digital technology adoption between high and low-performing sectors, with only 9.5% of firms using transactional technologies, while 22% use informational technologies and 20% use operational technologies [15][73]. - The report emphasizes that improving digital technology adoption is critical for enhancing productivity and reducing the technology gap with more developed economies [15][31]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report assesses the digital maturity of Armenian firms through a comprehensive survey, highlighting the low adoption rates of modern technologies and the need for targeted public interventions to address market failures [13][15]. Introduction - The introduction outlines the economic context of Armenia, noting significant growth but also a disparity in productivity across sectors, which can be addressed through improved digitalization [31][32]. Firm-level Digitalization in Armenia - The section discusses the current state of digital infrastructure and technology adoption among firms, revealing that access to high-speed internet is a major barrier, with over 75% of firms lacking adequate connectivity [46][57]. - It categorizes technologies into transactional, informational, and operational, noting that firms primarily use basic digital tools rather than sophisticated technologies [69][73]. Key Challenges Faced by Armenian Firms - Firms report several challenges, including limited access to high-speed internet, lack of skilled workers, and insufficient management practices, which hinder their ability to adopt digital technologies [19][27][57]. - The report identifies that financial constraints and a lack of information about available digital tools are significant barriers to technology adoption [27][53]. Policy Recommendations - The report provides recommendations for improving digital technology adoption, including expanding digital connectivity, enhancing business advisory services, and addressing skills shortages through targeted training programs [20][27][48]. - It emphasizes the importance of building managerial capabilities to facilitate the integration of digital solutions within firms [27][48].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the housing sector in Grenada Core Insights - Grenada's housing sector is highly vulnerable to natural hazards and climate change, necessitating urgent improvements in recovery capacity to ensure timely and effective disaster recovery [25][50] - The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment (SRCA) indicates that the capacity for implementing resilient and inclusive recovery projects in Grenada's housing sector is currently basic or incipient, highlighting significant gaps in knowledge and resources [25][26] - The assessment emphasizes the need for gender-responsive and disability-inclusive recovery strategies, which are critical for enhancing resilience in the housing sector [25][26] Summary by Sections Introduction - The Caribbean region faces significant disaster risks, with Grenada experiencing economic losses averaging 3.6% of GDP annually due to natural hazards [50] - The SRCA aims to identify capacity gaps and opportunities for investment in Grenada's housing sector to enhance recovery efforts [53] Housing Sector Overview - The housing sector in Grenada is prioritized for recovery assessments due to its economic importance and vulnerability to disasters [25][57] - The assessment identifies critical needs for technical and human resources to improve disaster risk management (DRM) in the housing sector [25][26] Assessment Implementation Process - The SRCA was conducted through a consultative process involving key stakeholders, including government agencies and community representatives [25][57] Results Overview - The assessment categorized existing recovery capacity into three main components: Governance, Competencies, and Resources and Tools, with varying Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) scores indicating areas needing improvement [28][30] - Key findings reveal that governance structures and institutional responsibilities for recovery are underdeveloped, with RCI scores indicating a need for significant enhancements [30] Recommendations - The report outlines strategic recommendations for integrating resilient recovery considerations into national policies and planning processes, emphasizing the importance of finalizing disaster management plans and enhancing funding mechanisms for homeowners [33][34] - It suggests building specialized knowledge and skills within the housing sector to facilitate effective recovery interventions [33][34]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the World Bank Group's engagement in Namibia. Core Insights - The World Bank Group (WBG) is perceived to need more effective support for Namibia to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and financial assistance [12] - Familiarity with the WBG has significantly increased from a mean rating of 3.1 in FY18 to 5.9 in FY24, indicating improved awareness among stakeholders [15][22] - Trust in the WBG varies significantly across different stakeholder groups, with the highest trust ratings coming from the office of the President/Prime Minister/Minister (mean=7.9) [17] Summary by Sections Objectives - The survey aimed to understand stakeholder perceptions of the WBG, focusing on familiarity, trust, effectiveness, and development priorities [6] Methodology Overview - The survey was conducted from March to May 2024, with 819 potential participants and a response rate of 13% (105 respondents) [8] Overall Context - Stakeholders expressed a need for the WBG to better understand Namibia's socio-economic context and to be more human-centric in its development approach [19] Overall Attitudes Toward the WBG - Respondents indicated that understanding local realities is crucial for the WBG's effectiveness in Namibia [19] Key Performance Indicators - Ratings for the WBG's alignment with Namibia's development priorities improved but remained moderate, with respondents who collaborate with the WBG expressing more positive views [22][26] Development Areas - Stakeholders prioritized agriculture/food security (59%), education (42%), and energy (39%) as key areas for WBG focus in FY24 [43] Effectiveness of WBG's Support in Sectoral Areas - Ratings of the WBG's effectiveness in sectoral areas were generally moderate, with the highest ratings in macroeconomic stability and social protection [44] WBG's Engagement on the Ground in Namibia - There were improvements in perceptions of the WBG's openness and accessibility, but long-term partnership perceptions were mixed [47][48] Financial Instruments and Knowledge Work - Respondents valued the WBG's financial resources and technical assistance, with a significant emphasis on accountability in lending practices [63][66] Stakeholder Collaboration - There is a strong desire for the WBG to collaborate more with the private sector, local government, civil society organizations, and academia to enhance its effectiveness in Namibia [58]