Industry Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry [1][2][3] Core Findings - US sanctions on Chinese firms, particularly those listed on the Entity List, significantly reduce the quantity and quality of patent outputs, primarily due to decreased collaboration with US inventors [3][9][11] - Firms with higher initial patent stocks or in sectors with smaller technological distance to the US are less affected by the sanctions [12] - Sanctions in specific technology fields lead to a decline in patent output for both Chinese firms with US collaborators and US firms with Chinese collaborators [3][14] Recent Trends in Chinese Patenting - China's patent applications surged from fewer than 140,000 annually in the 1990s to nearly 1.6 million by 2022, with 120,000 patents filed abroad [20] - The share of patents filed by Chinese applicants in the USPTO increased from 0.2% in 2000 to 7.2% in 2022 [7] - The quality of Chinese patents has improved, with the proportion of top 1% cited patents granted by the EPO, USPTO, and PCT increasing from 0.2% in 1998 to approximately 8% in 2020 [21] Impact of US Sanctions on Chinese Firms - Inclusion in the US Entity List reduces the total patent applications of sanctioned firms by 9.9% and quality-adjusted patents by 14.0% [41] - Sanctions significantly discourage international patent applications, particularly in high-technology fields [41] - Firms with prior US collaborations experience a more pronounced decline in patent output, while firms without prior US collaborations see a slight increase [55] Spillover Effects on Non-Sanctioned Firms - Negative spillover effects are observed for non-sanctioned Chinese firms operating in the same technology fields as sanctioned firms, with a decline in total, international, and high-tech patenting [67] - Firms in downstream technology fields experience a decline in patent output, while those in upstream fields see a modest increase [15][72] - US firms with prior Chinese collaborations also experience a significant decline in patent activity following sanctions [75] Mechanisms Behind the Impact - Collaboration with US inventors is positively correlated with Chinese firms' innovation output, more so than collaboration with inventors from Europe or advanced East Asia [11][49] - Sanctions lead to a reduction in US collaborations for Chinese firms, particularly those with prior US collaborations, while increasing collaborations with advanced Asian economies [52][55] - Domestic innovation capacity, such as higher initial patent stocks and reliance on domestic knowledge, mitigates the negative impact of sanctions [56][60] Conclusion - US sanctions negatively impact the innovation output of targeted Chinese firms and other firms in the same technology fields, primarily through reduced US collaborations [76] - The sanctions may encourage domestic innovation in upstream sectors but hinder innovation in downstream sectors [15][76] - The long-term effects of these sanctions on Chinese firms' innovation output may be mitigated by China's increasing innovation capacity [79]

ORLD BANK GROUP QB LUE CB 2024 A BLUE CARBON READINESS ASSESSMENT MOZAMBIQUE Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2024 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 | Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank Group, with external contributions. "The World Bank Group" refers to the legally separate organizations of the International Bank for Reconstruct ...

Industry Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry [1] Core Views - The World Bank Group (WBG) is perceived as a trusted and effective development partner in the Dominican Republic, with significant improvements in key performance indicators compared to FY19 [6][8][13] - Stakeholders value the WBG's technical assistance, financial resources, and knowledge work, with 54% of respondents valuing technical assistance and implementation support the most [56][58] - The WBG's financial instruments are seen as increasingly positive, with respondents agreeing that the WBG insists on accountability and effectively monitors projects [58] Overall Context - Stakeholders in the Dominican Republic are highly familiar with the WBG, with a mean familiarity rating of 7.3, consistent with FY19 [6] - Respondents who collaborate with the WBG reported significantly higher familiarity (8.4) compared to those who do not (5.8) [6] - The WBG is among the most trusted institutions, with trust ratings significantly increasing for most institutions, especially the national government and the Central Bank [8] Development Priorities - Education and skills development remain the top priority for respondents, followed by environment/natural resource management and climate change [27][28] - 37% of respondents identified education and skills development as a priority, while 36% and 33% identified environment/natural resource management and climate change, respectively [29][30] WBG's Engagement and Collaboration - The WBG is increasingly seen as an open, responsive, accessible, and flexible partner, with significant improvements in these areas compared to FY19 [32][33] - Respondents perceived the WBG as collaborating more effectively with the national government, other donors, and civil society compared to FY19 [36][37] - Stakeholders want the WBG to collaborate more with civil society (50%) and provincial/municipal governments (45%) [40][42][44] Financial Instruments and Knowledge Work - 50% of respondents have used the WBG's knowledge work, with those who have used it reporting high satisfaction with its quality [59][60] - The WBG's knowledge work is perceived as contributing significantly to development results, with a mean rating of 8.6 for its contribution to development results [61][64] Future Role of the WBG - Stakeholders suggest that the WBG should engage more with stakeholders, better align with the Dominican Republic's development priorities, and increase financial support [67][68] - Focus areas for the WBG include education, climate change, gender equity, and digital development, with 40% of respondents emphasizing the need for better alignment with local needs [68][69][70][72][73] Communication and Outreach - Respondents prefer to receive WBG communications through events/conferences (56.4%), direct contact with staff (49.3%), and e-Newsletters (44.3%) [96][97] - 70% of respondents recalled hearing or seeing something about the WBG recently, with direct contact, newspapers, and social media being the most common sources [98][99]

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized ENERGY SUBSIDY REFORM IN ACTION FROM AMBITION TO ACTION Practical Insights on Energy Subsidy Reforms REPORT ENERGY SUBSIDY REFORM IN ACTION FROM AMBITION TO ACTION Practical Insights on Energy Subsidy Reforms Defne Gencer and Beatriz Arizu ABOUT ESMAP The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a partnership between the World Bank and over 20 partners to help low- and mid ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry or organization Core Insights - The World Bank aims to create a world free of poverty on a livable planet, guiding its operations and development impact [27] - The GRI Index 2024 covers activities from July 1, 2023, to June 30, 2024, and is aligned with the World Bank's annual reporting [14][25] - The World Bank's lending operations provided $37.6 billion in net commitments for IBRD and $31.2 billion for IDA during the fiscal year ending June 30, 2024 [30][31] General Disclosures - The World Bank consists of IBRD and IDA, with a workforce of 18,300 staff from 184 nationalities [20] - The organization operates in seven regions and has funded over 12,000 development projects since its inception [28] - The World Bank's corporate procurement averages around $2 billion annually, with major contracts in consulting, IT, and health services [33] Economic Topics - The report highlights significant economic impacts, including infrastructure investments and financial assistance received from the government [7] - IDA's financing model combines donor contributions with reflows from past credits and capital market borrowings [22] Environmental Topics - The World Bank emphasizes sustainability in its operations, including energy consumption and waste management [8] Social Topics - The organization focuses on employment practices, diversity, and equal opportunity, with 54% of its workforce being female [40] - The World Bank engages with local communities and assesses the impacts of its operations on them [413]

Industry Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry, but it highlights significant challenges and opportunities related to climate change and economic diversification in Mongolia [14][15][19] Core Viewpoints - Mongolia's development is uniquely challenged by climate change and the global shift toward a low-carbon economy, with a heavy reliance on coal exports to China [15][19] - The country's economy is highly carbon-intensive, with significant emissions from coal and agriculture, making decarbonization a critical but challenging task [16][55] - Climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of natural disasters like dzuds and floods, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations and rural areas [20][38] - Decarbonization and climate adaptation measures could yield substantial benefits, including improved public health, economic diversification, and reduced air pollution [19][55][65] Climate Risks to Development - Mongolia is experiencing warmer temperatures and more volatile precipitation patterns, with average surface temperatures increasing by 2.3°C over the past century [37] - Dzuds and floods are expected to become more frequent and severe, potentially leading to significant livestock losses and economic disruptions [38][43] - A plausible worst-case scenario involving consecutive dzuds, flooding, and a loss of coal exports could result in a 20% GDP loss over three years [44][47] Climate and Development in Key Sectors Agriculture and Land Use - Mongolia's agrifood system is highly vulnerable to climate extremes, with livestock accounting for 80% of agricultural output and 25% of jobs [69][70] - Overgrazing and rangeland degradation are major issues, with livestock numbers exceeding carrying capacity and contributing to high GHG emissions [70][72] - Efficient land use allocation could increase carbon storage by 6% and double net economic returns without losing carbon storage [77][80] Water Management - Mongolia faces a growing mismatch between water demand and availability, with agriculture and mining sectors exerting significant pressure on water resources [96][98] - Groundwater is critical for domestic and industrial use, but over-reliance and poor management pose risks to water security [96][97] - Climate change will exacerbate water scarcity, with higher temperatures reducing glacier size and increasing evaporation [97][98] Mining and Energy - Mongolia's mining sector, particularly coal exports to China, is a key driver of economic growth but is vulnerable to global decarbonization trends [15][43] - The country's energy sector is highly carbon-intensive, with coal accounting for 45% of total GHG emissions, making decarbonization a significant challenge [55][56] - Transitioning to renewable energy and electrifying heating systems could reduce emissions but will require substantial investment and policy support [55][60] Managing Disaster Risk and Building Resilience - Adaptation measures, such as improved irrigation and flood defenses, could reduce the impacts of climate change by up to 25% [53][54] - Strengthening disaster risk management systems and financing mechanisms is crucial to mitigate the economic and social impacts of climate-related shocks [54][57] Financing the Transition - The transition to a low-carbon economy will require significant investment, estimated at 3.4% of GDP annually for power and heating alone [60] - Carbon pricing and targeted subsidies could help finance the transition while mitigating regressive impacts on vulnerable households [62][87] Policies, Institutions, and Regulatory Framework - Mongolia's Vision 2050 and the New Recovery Plan prioritize economic diversification, green development, and climate resilience [35] - Strengthening institutional capacity and governance is essential for effective climate action and resource management [105][113]

Industry Overview - Djibouti's economy rebounded in 2023 with GDP growth estimated at 6.7%, driven by increased demand for port and logistics services from Ethiopia [17] - The volume of goods handled in Djibouti's ports increased by 14% in 2023 compared to 2022, with Ethiopian demand accounting for 80% of the total volume [31] - The number of containers handled in Djibouti's ports exceeded 890,000 units in 2023, a 36% increase from the previous year [31] Economic Performance - Inflation stabilized at 3.8% in December 2023, down from a peak of 11% in June 2022, due to government measures and a slowdown in global oil and food prices [17] - The service sector remained the leading contributor to GDP, contributing 4.6 percentage points in 2023, while the secondary sector contributed 1.6 points [37] - Private consumption and investment were sustained by government support measures and the resumption of public works projects [39] Public Finances - Djibouti's budget remains under pressure due to increased tax exemptions, which reached 19% of GDP in 2022, reducing tax revenues to 11.4% of GDP [17] - The budget deficit widened to 1.9% of GDP in 2023, driven by increased capital expenditure and rising interest payments [45] - Public debt reached 67% of GDP in 2023, with state-guaranteed debt of public enterprises accounting for 76% of the total [53] External Sector - Djibouti's current account balance improved in 2023, with a surplus of over 32%, driven by increased exports of goods and services [17] - The trade balance recorded a surplus of nearly 80 billion DJF, a 64.5% year-on-year increase [17] - Ongoing disruptions in the Red Sea have led to a 39% increase in container volume handled at Djibouti's port in March 2024 compared to November 2023 [17] Monetary Sector - Djibouti's currency board coverage remains adequate, with gross foreign assets falling by 14.7% in 2023 to USD 496 million [62] - The banking sector showed resilience, with an increase in credit to the private sector and a significant reduction in non-performing loans [17] - International reserves have decreased by 14.7% compared to the previous year, reflecting cash flow tensions [17] Medium-Term Outlook - Annual GDP growth is expected to average 5.1% from 2024 to 2026, supported by foreign trade and major public works projects [17] - Risks to the medium-term outlook include fiscal deterioration, regional tensions, and climate shocks [7] - Djibouti's growth model faces vulnerabilities, including heavy dependence on global maritime transport and exposure to regional conflicts [17]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The CEMAC region shows a human capital index ranging from 0.27 to 0.46, indicating that residents achieve between 25% and 50% of their potential [1] - Significant disparities exist within countries, particularly between urban and rural areas, which can be addressed through strategic spending [1] - The report emphasizes the need for increased investment in education, health, and social assistance to strengthen human capital [1] Summary by Relevant Sections Cameroon - The human capital index varies from 0.31 to 0.32 in the East and North-West regions, while the South-West region scores 0.46 [2] - Geographical disparities are evident, with the East, North-West, Adamaoua, and Far North regions performing significantly worse than the Centre, North, Littoral, West, South, and South-West regions [2] Chad - The human capital index ranges from 0.26 to 0.28 across most regions, with N'Djamena scoring the highest [7] - Southern regions face major health challenges, indicated by low survival rates to age 5 [7] Central African Republic - The human capital index is uniform, ranging from 0.28 to 0.30, with the capital Bangui scoring 0.37 [11] - The number of years of schooling in Bangui is significantly higher than in other regions [11] Republic of Congo - The human capital index varies from 0.37 in Likouala and Kouilou to 0.54 in Pointe-Black, with a national average of 0.46 [15] - The Sangha region has the lowest survival probability to age 5 at 88% [15] Recommendations - Prioritize investment in disadvantaged regions to reduce inequalities [17] - Improve access to health and education services through social safety nets [17] - Collect more regional data on human capital dimensions, particularly in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon [17]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The Port Community System (PCS) is a digital platform that enhances the efficiency, security, and reliability of maritime trade and logistics operations by facilitating information exchange among various stakeholders [43][36] - The PCS has evolved from basic communication systems in the 1980s to sophisticated digital platforms today, driven by the need for real-time information sharing and integrated logistics [44][45] - The implementation of PCS is crucial for enhancing trade capacities, especially for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), which rely heavily on international trade [48] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The PCS represents a pivotal development in maritime trade facilitation, enabling seamless information exchange and collaboration among port stakeholders [36] - The study aims to bridge the knowledge gap regarding PCS functionalities and benefits, contributing to sustainable maritime trade facilitation [37] Concept and Global Evolution of the PCS - PCS facilitates the exchange of information among port stakeholders, reducing administrative burdens and improving supply chain visibility [43] - The PCS has undergone significant transformation, evolving into cloud-based platforms that support real-time data sharing [44] Global PCS Adoption Landscape and Trends - The study analyzed PCS implementation in over 897 ports, revealing that most functional PCSs are in high-income countries, while low- and middle-income countries lag behind [46][47] - Countries like the UK, France, and Japan lead in PCS adoption, while emerging markets like India and Chile are making strides in trade facilitation [47] The Positive Impact of PCS - PCS implementation leads to cost reductions, increased efficiency, and improved compliance in port operations [53] - Enhanced visibility and transparency through PCS facilitate better supply chain management and reduce the risk of fraud [58] Building Blocks for Successful Implementation - Successful PCS implementation requires a detailed blueprint covering governance, financial models, and technical architecture [64] - Technical capacity and expertise are essential for developing a roadmap and ensuring stakeholder buy-in [65] Enabling Environment - Securing appropriate funding is vital for PCS development, with costs varying significantly based on port size and complexity [66][68] - Revenue generation can come from government financing, transaction-based user fees, or subscription models [69][70]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry discussed Core Insights - The report highlights the adaptation mechanisms of poor households in Côte d'Ivoire facing price shocks, emphasizing the negative coping strategies adopted due to increased food and energy prices, which have led to heightened financial and food insecurity [12][18][27] - It notes that the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and the war in Ukraine have exacerbated the economic challenges faced by these households, leading to a rise in poverty levels [12][18][44] - The findings indicate that the impacts of price spikes are not gender-neutral, with women bearing a greater emotional and financial burden, while children face increased risks of school dropout and child labor [12][28][44] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the trend of poverty reduction in Côte d'Ivoire, noting a decrease in the poverty rate from 39.5% in 2018 to 37.5% in 2021, but highlights that this progress has been uneven across urban and rural areas [18][40] Negative Coping Mechanisms - Poor households have adopted various negative coping strategies, such as reducing food consumption, selling assets, accumulating debt, and relying more on traditional medicine [12][23][24] - The report emphasizes that these strategies can lead to a downward spiral into deeper poverty, amplifying vulnerabilities to future shocks [27][51] Gendered Impacts - The report details how the economic crisis has differentially affected household members, with women experiencing increased domestic burdens and men facing unemployment [28][44] - Children, particularly girls, are at risk of early pregnancy and school dropout due to the economic pressures [28][32] Building Resilience - Factors that can help build resilience among poor households include participation in safety net programs, access to informal finance, and formal employment [12][32] - The report suggests that targeted policies are necessary to protect vulnerable households from the adverse effects of price shocks [12][32] Conclusions - The report concludes that multisector efforts are needed to strengthen the resilience of poor Ivorians to current and future economic shocks, emphasizing the importance of protecting human capital and ensuring income-generating activities [32][33]