Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The transition towards sustainable development in India is expected to significantly alter economic activities and labor markets, impacting the demand for skills and creating both green and brown jobs [6][10] - Green jobs account for approximately 5.9% of total employment in India, while brown jobs represent about 4.6% [15][43] - The Skill Council for Green Jobs (SCGJ) has been established to identify green jobs and the necessary skills for these occupations, focusing on sectors such as renewable energy, waste management, and construction [13][15] Summary by Sections Introduction - Climate change is a critical issue affecting various aspects of well-being, prompting the need for sustainable development strategies [10] - The transition to sustainability will create new job opportunities while potentially displacing existing brown jobs [11][12] Measuring Green and Brown Jobs - Green jobs are defined as those that positively impact the environment, while brown jobs are associated with pollution-intensive industries [17][18] - The report employs a task content approach to measure green and brown jobs, which focuses on the specific tasks performed within occupations [20][23] Data and Definitions - The analysis utilizes data from the 2019-20 Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), which is nationally representative and includes detailed labor market information [28][30] - The SCGJ's national definition of green jobs includes 44 specific occupations, while brown jobs are classified based on Vona et al.'s (2018) taxonomy [23][25] Patterns and Trends in Employment - Green jobs are predominantly found in construction (39%), manufacturing (21%), and agriculture (14%), while brown jobs are mainly concentrated in manufacturing (53%) and construction (30%) [49][51] - The percentage of green jobs has increased from 5% to 6% over the past decade, indicating a positive trend in sustainable employment [47] Worker Characteristics - Green and brown jobs are primarily held by younger, male workers, with green jobs showing a significant wage premium compared to brown jobs [15][64] - The gender disparity is notable, with 78% of green jobs and 79% of brown jobs occupied by men [65]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The paper investigates the impact of unexpected demand shocks on worker compensation, revealing that these shocks lead to higher average wages, particularly benefiting high earners within firms [2][9][39] - It highlights the role of managerial skill in the distribution of revenues from demand shocks, indicating that firms with highly skilled managers tend to share revenue windfalls more unequally among workers [10][40] Summary by Sections Introduction - The study aims to understand how firm-level revenue shocks affect wage setting and the mechanisms behind wage differentials across firms and workers [6][9] Data - The analysis utilizes a rich dataset from private sector firms in Portugal from 2006 to 2018, combining firm census data, export transactions, and employer-employee panel data [7][15][16] Methodology - A new methodology is proposed to identify unexpected demand shocks at the firm level, using forecast errors in GDP growth of export markets [20][21] Results - Unexpected demand shocks significantly impact sales, employment, investment, and average wages, with larger effects observed for negative shocks [9][32] - The analysis shows that wage increases occur mainly in the form of higher base wages and overtime pay, indicating a sharing of unexpected revenue with workers [10][33] - The distribution of wage increases is highly unequal, favoring higher earners within firms [39] Managerial Skill - The report examines how managerial skills influence the distribution of revenues from demand shocks, finding that firms with skilled managers tend to have better management practices and higher wage distributions for top earners [40][41][46]

Industry Overview - The study focuses on the financial distortions in capital markets between state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and private-owned enterprises (POEs) across 24 European countries from 2010 to 2016 [2] - SOEs have subsidized access to debt and equity compared to POEs, with a 1 percentage point increase in government stake reducing the implicit average finance cost by 0.01 percent [6][7] - The removal of SOEs from the market could lead to aggregate productivity losses of up to 40 percent due to their superior technical efficiency in some sectors [2] Core Findings - Targeted reforms that shut down poorly performing SOEs lead to aggregate total factor productivity (TFP) gains of up to 15 percent in every country [2] - Reforms that remove distortions before reallocating resources toward more productive firms can increase productivity by up to 83.7 percent [2] - SOEs are prevalent across competitive industries, with 70% operating in sectors like food, construction, and hospitality, typically dominated by private firms [6] Financial Distortions and Productivity - SOEs benefit from lower debt issuance costs and direct budget support, which distorts finance, innovation, and resource allocation [6] - The methodology used to measure financial frictions shows that SOEs face lower costs of finance, with a 1 p.p. increase in government shareholding reducing the cost of finance by 0.01% for non-publicly listed firms [11] - Publicly listed SOEs, however, face higher costs of accessing finance compared to non-listed SOEs [11] Sector-Specific Insights - The largest subsidies for SOEs occur in industries critical to the economy, such as financial services, electricity, water, and information and communications [11] - The fiscal burden of SOE financial subsidies ranges from 0.001% to 0.955% of GDP for the year 2016, with Slovenia experiencing the highest subsidy cost [11] Counterfactual Reforms - Shutting down all SOEs leads to productivity losses in some countries (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina with a 40% decline) and gains in others (e.g., Ukraine with a 35% increase) [12] - Targeted reforms that close only poorly performing SOEs result in TFP gains across all countries, with the highest gains in Germany (14.1%), Ukraine (11.1%), and Montenegro (8.4%) [14][86] - Combining targeted SOE reforms with financial market reforms that eliminate distortions can lead to TFP gains ranging from 26.6% in Austria to 85.5% in Ukraine [92] Data and Methodology - The study uses a novel firm-level database and implements Whited and Zhao's (2021) methodology to infer financial distortions [6][8] - The analysis leverages fixed-effect regressions to assess the role of state ownership in the cost of finance, controlling for firm size, age, productivity, and country-sector fixed effects [10] - The methodology assumes a CES production function to capture sector-wide financial frictions and firm-specific wedges [7][8]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry analyzed Core Insights - The paper introduces the concept of "jobless development," highlighting that productivity growth in many emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) is often negatively correlated with changes in the employment-to-population ratio [4][8][26] - It emphasizes significant differences in steady-state employment-to-population ratios across countries, particularly for women, where fewer legal protections correlate with lower employment ratios [4][9][30] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the dynamics of GDP per capita and its components, emphasizing the importance of the employment-to-population ratio in understanding economic development [8] - It contrasts the development trajectories of South Korea and India, noting that while both experienced GDP growth, South Korea saw an increase in employment ratios, whereas India experienced a decline [8][9] Methodology and Data - The analysis employs a two-stage methodology: first estimating steady-state employment ratios and then examining the correlation with institutional and policy factors [9][13] - The dataset includes 160 countries from 1960 to 2019, focusing on 103 EMDEs for the period 2000-2019, utilizing various data sources including the World Bank and ILO [22] First-Stage Regression Results - The results indicate that slower productivity growth and faster working-age population growth are associated with increases in employment-to-population ratios [23][24] - The analysis reveals that higher initial employment ratios correlate with slower increases in these ratios, suggesting conditional convergence towards country-specific steady-state levels [27][28] Second-Stage Regression Results - The second-stage analysis identifies several correlates of steady-state employment ratios, including trade openness, access to finance, and labor market flexibility [36][39] - It highlights that while few factors correlate with higher aggregate employment ratios, many are associated with higher non-agricultural employment ratios [36][37] Correlates Identified in the Literature - The report discusses structural factors influencing steady-state employment levels, such as trade openness, infrastructure investment, and labor market policies [37][39][40] - It notes that greater access to finance can stimulate investment and employment growth, while restrictive labor laws may hinder employment in the formal sector [40][42]

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10926 Effective Fuel Price in Reducing Emission Intensity A Panel Analysis for Brazil Ayan Qu Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice & Africa Region September 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10926 Abstract This paper studies how effective an incremental change in the price of fuel, a proxy for fuel carbon tax, is in reducing the emission intensity ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10923 Thirsty Business A Global Analysis of Extreme Weather Shocks on Firms Roberta Gatti Asif M. Islam Casey Maue Esha Zaveri Middle East and North Africa Region & Planet Vice Presidency September 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10923 Abstract Using global data from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys that includes the precise geo-location of surveyed firms, t ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Education and skills are critical determinants of earning potential, with sector specialization significantly influencing earnings. The study focuses on vocational training in high-paying sectors, specifically information and communications technology (ICT) and energy in Côte d'Ivoire [4][10] - A majority of individuals seeking vocational training aspire to enter high-paying sectors, with 72% of men and 51% of women expressing interest in ICT or energy [4][13] - Higher levels of education and larger professional networks positively correlate with the likelihood of selecting training in these high-paying sectors [4][13] - Women benefit significantly from male role models, which increase their likelihood of choosing training in ICT or energy, while traditional gender roles can hinder their participation [4][13][15] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report highlights the importance of skills in economic transformation, emphasizing the shift from low-productivity activities to higher productivity occupations [10] - It notes the significant dropout rates in secondary education in Côte d'Ivoire, with only 55% enrollment compared to 93% in primary education [10] Labor Market Context - As of 2023, the female labor force participation rate in Côte d'Ivoire is 56.5%, compared to 72.2% for males, indicating persistent gender disparities [16] - The report discusses the high incidence of vulnerable employment, with 80.8% of employed women engaged in informal work [16] Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) - Only 5% of secondary education students are enrolled in vocational programs, and just 2% of 15-24-year-olds participated in TVET in 2018 [17][18] - The report identifies the need for improved quality in TVET, including updated curricula and better alignment with industry requirements [18] PRO-Jeunes Program - The PRO-Jeunes program targets youth aged 15 to 30, providing flexible employment support services and vocational training in high-paying sectors [19][24] - Among participants, 72% of men and 51% of women chose training in energy and ICT [25] Data and Sample Description - The study is based on surveys conducted with 2,528 individuals seeking vocational training, focusing on socio-demographic characteristics, education, employment, networks, role models, and gender attitudes [27][40] - The sample is balanced in terms of gender, but women generally have lower education levels and income compared to men [42][43] Key Findings - An additional year of education increases the likelihood of seeking training in ICT and energy by 3.2 percentage points for women and 4.4 percentage points for men [13] - Women with prior training in EICT sectors are more likely to pursue further training, indicating path dependency [13] - Traditional gender roles negatively impact women's choices in high-paying sector training, with those prioritizing household responsibilities less likely to opt for such training [13][15]

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10921 Do More Informed Citizens Make Better Climate Policy Decisions? Michael M. Lokshin Iván Torre Michael Hannon Miguel E. Purroy Europe and Central Asia Region Office of the Chief Economist September 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10921 Abstract This study explores the relationship between perceptions of catastrophic events and beliefs about climate change. ...

Industry Overview - The study focuses on the impact of leadership turnover in local bureaucracies, particularly in Indonesian villages, and its effects on bureaucratic performance and public service provision [1][2] - The research highlights the role of village elections in disrupting nepotistic networks and improving governance at the grassroots level [2][5] Key Findings - Leadership turnover in village elections leads to a revitalization of local bureaucracies, with new leaders appointing more officials, engaging in promotions and demotions, and setting higher salaries [8][34] - Turnover reduces the prevalence of nepotistic networks, with new leaders less likely to employ relatives or bureaucrats with family connections to previous administrations [36][37] - Bureaucrats under new leadership report higher morale and motivation, leading to increased interactions with citizens and better alignment with their needs [40][42] - Electoral turnovers improve the quality of public service provision, particularly in locally managed services such as garbage collection and street lighting [49][50] Mechanisms and Implications - The positive effects of turnover on bureaucratic performance are driven by the disruption of nepotistic networks, which allows for more meritocratic governance and improved service delivery [60][61] - Newly elected leaders who successfully reduce nepotism achieve the most substantial improvements in bureaucratic performance and public goods provision [59][60] - The study suggests that regular, free, and fair elections are crucial for ensuring accountability and improving governance at the local level [68] Data and Methodology - The analysis is based on a large-scale survey conducted in 852 villages across Indonesia, combined with administrative data on public goods provision [6][19] - The study employs a regression discontinuity design (RDD) to estimate the causal effects of electoral turnovers on bureaucratic performance and public service provision [24][25]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The paper challenges the widely held belief that younger generations are more concerned about climate change than older generations, presenting evidence that older individuals may be equally or more concerned about climate change [2][9][46] - The findings indicate that older respondents are more likely to oppose tax increases for climate policies, reflecting a general decline in willingness to pay taxes with age rather than a specific aversion to climate change financing [9][60] - The study utilizes data from 38 countries in Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East, collected during the 2023 Life in Transition Survey, to analyze the relationship between age and climate change attitudes [2][33] Summary by Sections Introduction - The concept of a "climate change age gap" is introduced, suggesting that younger people are perceived to care more about climate change due to their longer expected lifespan under adverse conditions [6][8] - The paper aims to explore this notion and its implications for climate policy implementation [6][7] Literature Review - Previous studies show mixed results regarding age as a predictor of climate change beliefs, with some indicating younger individuals are more concerned while others find minimal differences [12][14][16] - The literature highlights various socio-structural and psychological factors influencing climate change beliefs across different age groups [12][18] Theoretical Framework - A theoretical model is developed to explain how age-related factors influence perceptions and willingness to act on climate change [21][26] - The model suggests that older individuals may have heightened concerns about climate change impacts due to their increased vulnerability [21][30] Data - The analysis is based on the 2023 Life in Transition Survey, which includes a representative sample from 38 countries, focusing on climate beliefs and actions [33][34] - Key questions assess personal beliefs about climate change and willingness to support government actions through taxes [33][35] Empirical Results - The results show that older individuals are generally more concerned about climate change impacts on future generations but are less willing to pay higher taxes for climate policies [46][60] - A significant age gradient is observed in willingness to support climate change actions, with younger individuals showing higher willingness to pay [44][60] Conclusion - The study concludes that the perceived age gap in climate change concern may be overstated, with older individuals demonstrating significant concern but lower willingness to finance climate actions through taxes [9][60] - The findings suggest that policymakers should consider these dynamics when designing climate policies to ensure broad support across age groups [9][60]