Core Viewpoint - The essence of market economy is the optimal mechanism for resource allocation in human society, characterized by decentralized decision-making and price signals, which has proven to be the most suitable economic system for humanity over centuries [1][12]. Group 1: Characteristics of Market Economy - Market economy is not merely about commodity exchange or free competition; it is fundamentally a system that combines individual autonomous decision-making with market coordination mechanisms [3]. - Individual autonomy in decision-making allows consumers to choose products based on their needs, businesses to produce based on profit motives, and workers to select careers based on skills and preferences [4]. - Price signals act as a guiding mechanism for resource allocation, where rising prices indicate increased demand, prompting businesses to boost production, while falling prices signal oversupply, leading to strategic adjustments [4][6]. Group 2: Advantages of Market Economy - Market economy demonstrates significant efficiency advantages over planned economies, as it utilizes real-time price signals to allocate resources effectively, avoiding the waste associated with information asymmetry and delayed decision-making [7]. - The resilience of market economies allows for quick adjustments in response to technological changes, natural disasters, or shifts in international conditions, enabling businesses and workers to adapt flexibly [7]. - The profit and wage incentives in market economies align individual interests with societal benefits, fostering innovation and skill enhancement among workers, which is more effective than directive-driven systems [7]. Group 3: Historical Context and Validation - Historical examples, such as the industrialization in Britain and the rise of the U.S. as an economic superpower, validate the vitality of market economies, demonstrating their effectiveness in driving economic growth [9]. - The introduction of market economy principles in various countries, including China, has led to significant economic advancements, reinforcing the notion that market economies are the most suitable model for human economic systems [9]. Group 4: Challenges and Critiques - Despite its advantages, market economy faces challenges such as market failures, monopolies, externalities, and income inequality, necessitating some level of administrative intervention to complement rather than replace market functions [9][10]. - The issue of income inequality remains a significant critique of market economies, as disparities can lead to social discontent, despite overall improvements in living standards and wealth generation [9][10].

畅通经济循环 推进统一大市场建设(一） 杨成长 龚 芳 曾培春 高效完备的制度体系是全国统一大市场畅通运行的重要前提基础。从市场基础制度来看，全 国统一大市场建设包含了三个层次的制度，分别是市场运行制度、信用制度以及产权制度 从实践来看，企业全生命周期包含创立、成长、成熟、衰退四个阶段，对应到市场运行活动 中的准入、竞争、退出三个环节。高效、统一的市场准入、退出及公平竞争制度是保障企业主体 正常生产经营和参与社会经济运行的重要制度基础 良好的信用环境和信用机制是维系企业间商业活动秩序、降低企业交易成本的制度保障。信 用制度作为市场"软环境"的集中体现，也是纵深推进全国统一大市场建设的重要制度基础 完善的产权保护制度是激发全社会创新潜力、鼓励创业的重要制度基础。加快完善产权制 度，彻底厘清企业有限产权责任与企业家个人财产之间的界限，坚决杜绝企业家个人无限连带责 任的现象，已成为激发民营主体活力，畅通国内大循环的关键所在 应对外部市场环境不确定性的挑战，全面激发内需市场活力，释放内需增长潜能成为稳经济 稳预期的关键所在。今年政府工作报告将全方位扩大国内需求放在首要位置，并明确提出要通过 纵深推进全国统一大市场建设 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of establishing a unified national market to stimulate domestic demand and ensure stable economic growth, especially in the face of external uncertainties such as the U.S. "reciprocal tariff" policy [5][8]. Group 1: Market Foundation System - A comprehensive market foundation system is essential for the smooth operation of a unified national market, which includes market operation systems, credit systems, and property rights systems [7][9]. - The market operation system is crucial, involving market access, fair competition, and exit mechanisms that correspond to the lifecycle of enterprises [9][12]. - A robust credit system serves as the "soft support" for the market, reducing transaction costs and enhancing trust among business entities [10][17]. - The property rights system is the "hard constraint" that protects the rights of entrepreneurs and clarifies the boundaries between personal and corporate liabilities, which is vital for encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship [11][23]. Group 2: Market Access and Competition - The article discusses the need to eliminate barriers to market access and create a fair competitive environment, highlighting reforms in market entry and exit mechanisms [12][15]. - Significant progress has been made in market access reforms, including the reduction of prohibited licensing items from 151 to 117, representing a 60% decrease [12]. - The competition rules have been improved, with the first revision of the Anti-Monopoly Law completed in 2022, establishing a comprehensive legal framework for fair competition [12][13]. Group 3: Credit Environment - The establishment of a sound credit environment is crucial for reducing social transaction costs and maintaining order in commercial activities [17][18]. - Recent reforms have led to the development of a social credit system, with over 1.8 billion credit records collected, facilitating better access to financing for businesses [18][20]. - Challenges remain in credit acquisition and sharing, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which often face high costs and difficulties in obtaining credit ratings [19][21]. Group 4: Property Rights Protection - Strengthening property rights protection is essential for fostering innovation and entrepreneurship, with ongoing efforts to clarify the responsibilities and rights of entrepreneurs [23][25]. - Despite improvements, issues such as unlimited joint liability for entrepreneurs persist, which can deter investment and innovation [23][24]. - The article calls for the establishment of a unified property rights protection system and the promotion of modern enterprise systems to enhance the vitality of the private economy [25].