大约在100万年前，随着现代人类大脑的出现，人类长达40亿年的进化故事终于画上了句号。回首过 去，我们可以开始描绘一幅图景或一个框架，来展现人类大脑和智能的形成过程。我们可以将这些故事 整合到我们前五次突破的框架中。 第一次突破是转向：通过区分外界刺激的好坏，从而趋利避害地进行导航。 迄今为止，人类的历史可以分为两大篇章。第一篇是进化的篇章，讲述现代人类如何从宇宙中的原始无 生命物质中演化而来。第二篇是文化的篇章，描述大约10万年前，社会性的现代人类如何从生物学上大 体相同但文化上尚处于蒙昧状态的祖先中逐步崛起、发展。 尽管进化篇跨越了数十亿年的漫长岁月，但我们在历史课上学习的绝大部分内容，却是在文化篇中相对 较短的时间内展开的——所有的文明、技术、战争、发现、戏剧、神话、英雄与反派，都在这段与进化 篇相比犹如一眨眼的时间里一一上演。 大约6亿年前，原本具有径向对称神经元的类珊瑚动物逐渐演化成两侧对称动物。这种两侧对称的身体 结构将导航决策简化为二元的转向选择，神经网络被整合成第一个大脑，使具有相反效价的信号能够被 整合成单一的转向决策。多巴胺和血清素等神经调质使持续的状态能够更有效地重新定位并局部搜索特 定 ...

Core Insights - The article discusses the significant differences in phenotypic traits between modern humans and their close relatives, such as gorillas, primarily attributed to the expansion of the neocortex and increased complexity of neuronal connections [1][3] - It highlights the role of specific gene expansions unique to humans that contribute to brain evolution, particularly focusing on the GPR89B and FRMPD2B genes [3][10] Gene Expansion and Brain Evolution - A study published in the journal Cell identifies human-specific gene expansions that contribute to brain evolution, with GPR89B promoting brain volume expansion and FRMPD2B regulating synaptic signaling complexity [2][3][7] - The research utilized the T2T-CHM13 genome, which successfully assembled previously unsequenced regions of the human genome, including critical areas like telomeres and centromeres [5][10] Identification of Unique Gene Families - The research team identified 213 human-specific gene families and 362 paralogous genes that are primary candidates for shaping universal human brain characteristics [6][10] - Among these, 1,002 paralogous genes were identified in the T2T-CHM13 genome, with 148 gene families potentially driving human brain evolution [10]