大约在100万年前，随着现代人类大脑的出现，人类长达40亿年的进化故事终于画上了句号。回首过 去，我们可以开始描绘一幅图景或一个框架，来展现人类大脑和智能的形成过程。我们可以将这些故事 整合到我们前五次突破的框架中。 第一次突破是转向：通过区分外界刺激的好坏，从而趋利避害地进行导航。 迄今为止，人类的历史可以分为两大篇章。第一篇是进化的篇章，讲述现代人类如何从宇宙中的原始无 生命物质中演化而来。第二篇是文化的篇章，描述大约10万年前，社会性的现代人类如何从生物学上大 体相同但文化上尚处于蒙昧状态的祖先中逐步崛起、发展。 尽管进化篇跨越了数十亿年的漫长岁月，但我们在历史课上学习的绝大部分内容，却是在文化篇中相对 较短的时间内展开的——所有的文明、技术、战争、发现、戏剧、神话、英雄与反派，都在这段与进化 篇相比犹如一眨眼的时间里一一上演。 大约6亿年前，原本具有径向对称神经元的类珊瑚动物逐渐演化成两侧对称动物。这种两侧对称的身体 结构将导航决策简化为二元的转向选择，神经网络被整合成第一个大脑，使具有相反效价的信号能够被 整合成单一的转向决策。多巴胺和血清素等神经调质使持续的状态能够更有效地重新定位并局部搜索特 定 ...

Core Insights - The article outlines five major breakthroughs in the evolution of intelligence, from the development of basic navigation in early organisms to the potential emergence of superintelligence in artificial entities [2][3][5][11]. Breakthroughs in Intelligence - **First Breakthrough: Turning** - Approximately 600 million years ago, early bilateral animals evolved a simple nervous system that allowed for basic navigation by distinguishing between positive and negative stimuli [2]. - **Second Breakthrough: Reinforcement** - Around 500 million years ago, the first vertebrates developed a brain structure that enabled learning from past experiences, establishing a foundation for emotional and cognitive traits [3]. - **Third Breakthrough: Simulation** - About 100 million years ago, early mammals developed the ability to mentally simulate actions and events, leading to advanced planning and fine motor skills [4]. - **Fourth Breakthrough: Mentalization** - Between 10 to 30 million years ago, early primates evolved the capacity to understand their own and others' mental states, enhancing social interactions and learning [5]. - **Fifth Breakthrough: Language** - Language emerged as a means to connect internal simulations, allowing for the accumulation of knowledge across generations [5]. Evolutionary Context - Human history can be divided into two main chapters: the evolutionary chapter, detailing the biological development of modern humans, and the cultural chapter, which encompasses the rapid advancements in civilization over the last 100,000 years [6][7]. - The article emphasizes the significance of the last 100,000 years in shaping human civilization, contrasting it with the extensive evolutionary timeline [6]. Future of Intelligence - The article posits that the next breakthrough may involve the emergence of superintelligence, where artificial entities surpass biological limitations, leading to unprecedented cognitive capabilities [9][10]. - It discusses the implications of this potential shift, including the redefinition of individuality and the evolution of intelligence beyond biological constraints [10][11]. Philosophical Considerations - The article raises critical questions about the goals of humanity as it approaches the sixth breakthrough, emphasizing the importance of values and choices in shaping the future of intelligence [11][12].