Group 1: Overview of the U.S. Housing Assistance System - The U.S. housing assistance system is primarily reliant on the private housing market, with only 2.7% of the total population benefiting from it, indicating a low coverage compared to other developed countries [3][7][23] - The system has evolved over nearly a century, undergoing multiple revisions and improvements, which have led to the establishment of fair and efficient institutional arrangements worth studying [3][23][26] Group 2: Structure and Functioning of the Housing Assistance System - The housing assistance system is funded by the federal government and executed by state and local governments, providing support to low-income families through three main forms: public rental housing, project-based rental assistance, and housing vouchers [4][5][7] - As of 2023, approximately 5.13 million units are included in the housing assistance system, accounting for 3.6% of the total housing stock in the U.S., with 9.05 million residents receiving assistance [7][14] Group 3: Historical Development and Current Status - The U.S. housing assistance system dates back to the 1930s, initially aimed at providing affordable housing during the Great Depression, but has faced challenges such as high costs and inefficiencies [4][5][14] - By 2023, the number of public rental housing units has decreased to 886,000, reflecting a shift towards a model that relies more on private housing sources [5][7] Group 4: Evaluation and Oversight Mechanisms - The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has established a multi-dimensional evaluation system to monitor and assess the performance of local public housing agencies, ensuring accountability and quality in service delivery [12][27] - Local public housing agencies are required to submit data to HUD for performance evaluation, which influences funding and operational oversight [12][14] Group 5: Financing Support for Homebuyers - In addition to housing assistance, the federal government has created official or semi-official institutions to provide mortgage insurance and support mortgage securitization, thereby improving financing conditions for homebuyers [15][17] - The U.S. mortgage market has grown significantly, with the total mortgage balance nearing $14 trillion by 2023, reflecting a robust financing environment for homeownership [17][19] Group 6: Lessons and Insights - The U.S. housing assistance system demonstrates the importance of a balanced relationship between federal oversight and local execution, ensuring efficiency while addressing local needs [26][27] - The evolution of the system highlights the necessity of effective incentive and constraint mechanisms to prevent mismanagement and ensure that assistance reaches those in need [27][28] - The reliance on private housing markets, coupled with government support, illustrates a model that could be beneficial for other countries to consider in their housing policies [28][29]

孙明春 腾讯集团高级经济顾问 陈亦新 独立经济学者 保障房研究系列之四 【摘要】 美国的住房体系主要依赖于私有房屋市场，具有社会保障功能的 住房援助体系 占比很低，受益者仅占 美国总人口的2.7%，故很少被研究者关注。但美国的住房援助体系已有近百年历史，其间经历了多次 修正和完善，积累了很多经验与教训，也形成了一些兼具公平与效率的制度安排，值得借鉴。 美国的住房援助体系由联邦政府拨款、州和地方政府负责执行，以三种形式为低收入家庭提供住房支 持：（1）政府出资建设或购买私人建造的房屋用作公共租赁住房；（2）政府从市场上租赁私人住 宅，再低价转租给低收入家庭；（3）由低收入家庭自行在私人住宅市场寻找租赁房源，政府则向这些 家庭发放"住房券"补贴。 在住房援助体系之外，联邦政府还设立了官方或半官方机构（如屋主贷款公司、联邦国民抵押贷款协 会、房利美等），通过提供住房抵押贷款保险、支持住房抵押贷款证券化等方式，帮助购房者改善融 资条件、降低融资成本，支持民众通过私有房屋市场实现"居者有其屋"的梦想。 美国的住房援助体系有以下可供借鉴之处。一、在公共住房的供应与运营中，联邦与地方机构的参与 都不可或缺。联邦政府负责出资 ...