作 者：阿雷维 译 者：曹海军 张继亮 来 源：保守主义评论（ID：baoshouzhuyi2016） 按：本文节选自阿雷维：《哲学激进主义的兴起》，曹海军、张继亮译，商务印书馆，2018年，第178-189页。原标题为"与人权宣言相对立的功利原则： 伯克与边沁"。《哲学激进主义的兴起》是英国功利主义研究的名著。在功利主义盛行的19世纪，伯克常被称为"历史功利主义者"或"保守功利主义者"， 虽然这一标签如今已不太常用。本文有助于从功利主义的角度思考伯克，集中阐释了伯克的偏见（prejudice）理论和惯例（prescription）理论，后者也可 称为因袭理论。 在1789年9月4日——"1688年革命"纪念日，不顺从国教的教堂一直保持着在该纪念日举行纪念仪式的传统。在这天，普莱斯医生在旧犹太人基督教聚会厅 发表了一个布道演讲，其主题是关于"爱我们的祖国"，或许它还被称为"论爱国主义之真伪"。真正的爱国主义既不意味着我们自己国家的法律和宪法优于 邻国的法律与宪法，也不意味着憎恨他国。它只意味着"我们对人类中一些人的爱多于对其他人的爱，这与他们与我们的亲密程度以及我们所拥有的权力 对他们有用的程度成正比"，它也 ...

Group 1 - The core idea of the article emphasizes the importance of philosophical thinking in navigating the uncertainties of the modern business environment, particularly in the context of AI technology and global economic transformation [1][34] - The article discusses the need for leaders to cultivate both internal stability and external intelligence, drawing from Eastern and Western philosophical traditions [3][4] - The Stoic principle of the "control dichotomy" is highlighted as a crucial mental tool for leaders to focus on what they can control and accept what they cannot [5][8] Group 2 - The article critiques traditional business analysis tools like Porter's Five Forces and SWOT analysis, arguing that they are insufficient in the face of the current "VUCA" (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity) environment [15][16] - It stresses the necessity for businesses to redefine their strategic purpose by asking "Why" rather than just focusing on "What" and "How" [18][19] - The article identifies four core functions of philosophical thinking in business: defining fundamental questions, examining underlying assumptions, providing ethical guidance, and facilitating paradigm shifts [20][22][23] Group 3 - The article presents a "trinity" decision-making model that integrates intuition, emotion, and rationality, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach in complex business decisions [26][29] - It underscores the importance of returning to genuine human experiences in business, suggesting that decisions should enhance the well-being of employees and customers [30] - The article concludes that in an uncertain world, leaders must cultivate a strong inner self and foundational thinking abilities, which philosophy can provide [34]

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the journey of Simon Song, the founder and CEO of VAST, who aims to create a leading AI 3D model, likening it to a 3D version of TikTok, and emphasizes the importance of enabling creative individuals to focus on creativity rather than repetitive tasks [5][10][31]. Group 1: Company Overview - VAST has achieved significant milestones, including completing three rounds of financing within two years, with each round amounting to several hundred million, and maintaining a leading global valuation in the AI 3D model sector [3][5]. - As of August 2025, VAST's annual recurring revenue (ARR) is projected to reach $12 million, with around 500,000 professional users, over 80% of whom are from overseas [5]. - The company serves over 40,000 small and medium enterprises and approximately 700 large enterprises with its tools [5]. Group 2: Industry Insights - The article discusses the shift in the animation industry from being labor-intensive to a more creative-driven model, advocating for the integration of AI to free creative professionals from repetitive tasks [12][14]. - The emergence of AI-generated content (AIGC) is seen as a pivotal development, with the potential to transform the creative landscape by allowing creators to focus on innovation [14][15]. - The article emphasizes the need for a user-friendly, low-barrier tool for 3D content creation, which could lead to a surge in user-generated content (UGC) and the establishment of a 3D UGC ecosystem [32][34]. Group 3: Technological Perspective - The discussion includes the concept that 3D is the essence of the world, arguing that it provides the highest information density and is the most truthful medium for content creation [21][22]. - The article contrasts the development of language models with 3D models, suggesting that the latter faces unique challenges, including a shortage of high-quality 3D data and the need for interdisciplinary expertise [39][40]. - The rapid advancement in AI technology is noted, with the expectation that 3D models will soon surpass human capabilities in certain areas [51][52]. Group 4: Vision and Philosophy - The ultimate vision articulated is to contribute to civilization and create happiness for humanity, reflecting a long-term commitment to meaningful impact rather than short-term gains [54][58]. - The article discusses the philosophical underpinnings of the founder's approach, emphasizing the importance of maximizing overall happiness and the belief that everyone should have access to their most extreme experiences [56][64].

Group 1 - The article discusses the challenges faced by individuals in achieving a comfortable middle-class lifestyle, highlighting the disparity between aspirations and reality, particularly for part-time teachers and caregivers [1][2] - It emphasizes the psychological impact of watching wealthy lifestyles on television, which serves as a form of escapism for those struggling with economic pressures [2][3] - The text points out that the decline of the middle class is a systemic issue rather than an individual failure, driven by rising costs in education, healthcare, and housing, alongside job instability [2][3] Group 2 - Education is portrayed as a crucial factor for upward mobility, especially in rural areas where resources are limited, yet the quality of education remains inadequate [3][4] - The "Hengshui model" is mentioned as a method to enhance university admission chances for students from resource-poor backgrounds, although it comes with financial burdens that many families cannot afford [4][5] - The concept of "double poverty" is introduced, referring to students from lower-income backgrounds who struggle to integrate into elite educational environments, highlighting the challenges of identity and acceptance [5][7] Group 3 - The article contrasts two parenting styles: "collaborative cultivation" prevalent in middle-class families versus "natural growth" in working-class families, affecting children's ability to navigate institutional settings [6][7] - It discusses the cognitive dissonance faced by students from lower-income backgrounds when they encounter the realities of elite education, which often perpetuates inequality [7][8] - Data indicates that a significant majority of students at elite institutions come from higher-income families, underscoring the systemic barriers to access for lower-income students [8][9] Group 4 - The narrative suggests that educational credentials have become a form of social currency, yet the increasing supply of degrees has led to their devaluation, creating a cycle of dependency on higher education for better job prospects [9][10] - The article critiques the notion that higher education guarantees better income, pointing out that dissatisfaction among highly educated individuals can lead to decreased productivity [9][10] - It concludes by emphasizing the importance of addressing systemic inequalities in education and the need for a more equitable distribution of resources to ensure that all children have the opportunity to succeed [10]

Group 1 - The article discusses the unpredictability of career choices and the potential for industries to decline unexpectedly, as seen with civil engineering and the current state of computer science [1][12][34] - It highlights the concept of a "second-level chaotic system," where predictions can influence outcomes, particularly in the context of career advice from influential figures [2][6][34] - The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the limitations of current knowledge and the transient nature of perceived "safe" career paths [35][36][38] Group 2 - It points out that the current emphasis on job-oriented education may not guarantee future success, as industries can become oversaturated or decline [8][12][28] - The discussion includes the idea that personal passion and skills may ultimately determine success more than the chosen field of study [32][39] - The article concludes that universities are increasingly disconnected from job markets, focusing instead on developing critical thinking and adaptability skills [38][39]

Core Viewpoint - The film "Wang Wang Mountain Little Monsters" serves as a reflection on refined self-interest and questions whether ordinary laborers are qualified to pursue ideals, how they should pursue them, and what kind of ideals they should chase [2][3][4] Group 1: Themes and Symbolism - The characters in the film represent a collective of ordinary people who undergo a transformation from self-serving goals to altruistic actions, highlighting the need for idealism among the lower class [3][5][6] - The film critiques the existing social structures and the notion that only those with connections can achieve success, as illustrated by the characters' initial motivations for seeking longevity [4][9] - The journey of the little monsters evolves from a self-centered quest to one that emphasizes community and collective action, suggesting that the call for idealism comes from the masses [3][4][9] Group 2: Character Development - Each character in the film experiences a distinct awakening, moving from dependency and imitation to self-actualization, which reflects a broader commentary on the struggle for identity and purpose [5][6][17] - The character of the gorilla monster exemplifies the importance of persistence and courage, inspiring others to re-engage with their ideals [6][17] - The film portrays the transformation of the little monsters as they learn to empathize with the struggles of ordinary people, ultimately leading to a collective realization of their value [17][18] Group 3: Social Commentary - The film critiques the hierarchical structures within society, suggesting that both the lower class and the little monsters share similar struggles against oppression [7][8][10] - The narrative challenges the notion that only the privileged can achieve greatness, instead presenting a story where ordinary beings can also embody heroism through their actions [9][10][14] - The ending of the film raises questions about the nature of true legacy and recognition, contrasting the superficial accolades of the privileged with the genuine impact of the little monsters on the community [11][12][13]

Group 1 - The article discusses the evolution of digital economy and its impact on legal frameworks, highlighting the transition from a rule-less environment to one with established regulations [2][3][10] - It emphasizes the importance of understanding how digital production methods have led to changes in property rights, labor relations, and distribution rules, which are increasingly relevant to daily life [10][11] Group 2 - The rise of digital production methods is characterized as an "illegal emergence," where traditional legal frameworks were challenged and adapted to accommodate new economic realities [11][16][18] - The article notes that the digital economy initially relied on low-cost access to resources, which often involved practices like piracy to attract users and establish a competitive edge [19][20][21] Group 3 - Legal responses to the new economy have varied, with some advocating for specific legislation to address emerging business models, while others prefer a more traditional approach that treats new disputes as existing legal issues [26][27][28] - The article highlights the tension between traditional economic rules and the unique characteristics of the internet, questioning whether existing laws can be directly applied to digital contexts [26][27] Group 4 - The concept of virtual property is explored, indicating a shift from ownership to access, where users often do not possess full rights over digital content, leading to a rental-like relationship with platforms [32][38][45] - The article discusses how user agreements typically grant platforms significant control over user-generated content, often limiting users' rights to transfer or inherit accounts [50][54][56] Group 5 - The nature of digital labor is described as fragmented and modular, with platforms exerting control over workers without traditional employment relationships, raising questions about labor rights and protections [74][76][78] - The article points out ongoing disputes regarding labor classification and the adequacy of existing legal frameworks to address the unique challenges posed by gig economy jobs [78][80] Group 6 - The article concludes by emphasizing the need for ongoing dialogue among stakeholders, including individuals, platforms, and governments, to address the evolving challenges of the digital economy [84][85] - It suggests that future discussions should focus on balancing efficiency with individual rights and dignity, particularly in the context of flexible employment and fair distribution of resources [85][86]

Group 1 - The article discusses the ethical dilemma of the "Trolley Problem" and its application to real-world issues, particularly in the context of cardiovascular diseases [2][4][5] - It highlights that cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, with nearly 20 million deaths annually, and in China, approximately 4.58 million deaths occur each year due to these diseases [8][9] - The article emphasizes the significant increase in cardiovascular disease cases over the past 40 years, primarily due to aging and unhealthy lifestyles [10][11] Group 2 - The main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, and smoking, with lifestyle choices being the primary contributor [11][21] - The article identifies atherosclerosis as the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, which is a chronic process that can take decades to develop [16][18] - It states that lowering LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) is crucial for preventing atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular events, with a direct correlation between LDL-C levels and cardiovascular risk [22][30] Group 3 - The article presents practical recommendations for managing cardiovascular health, including setting LDL-C targets based on risk levels and emphasizing lifestyle changes [36][41] - It discusses the importance of early intervention and the need for individuals to take responsibility for their health, suggesting that proactive measures can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases [33][54] - The article concludes by urging individuals to recognize their health status and take action to prevent becoming "passengers" on the metaphorical "Blue Sky" train of cardiovascular disease [56][58]