Core Viewpoint - The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) member countries have strong economic complementarity and market growth potential, which can be leveraged to enhance trade and investment liberalization and facilitate customs reforms [1][2] Group 1: Economic Cooperation - SCO member countries possess vast markets, abundant resources, and strong human capital, which can lead to significant benefits through improved cooperation in technology exchange, joint production, employee training, and supply chain collaboration [2] - The long-standing economic cooperation among SCO countries has established a solid foundation and maintained a positive development momentum [1] Group 2: Supply Chain and Logistics - The stability of supply chains and international economic cooperation relies heavily on transportation and logistics infrastructure, with ongoing projects aimed at enhancing key engineering, ports, and transportation channels among SCO countries [2] - There is considerable potential for improvement in air transport and international road transport (TIR) to further enhance logistics efficiency among SCO nations [2] - The development of cross-border trade logistics hubs is crucial for ensuring the stable operation of global industrial and supply chains, necessitating discussions on market openness and collaboration with international logistics integrators and supply chain managers [2]

Core Viewpoint - Cambodia has signed a tariff agreement with the United States, becoming the second Southeast Asian country to do so, following Vietnam, in response to pressure from the U.S. government [1][13]. Group 1: Tariff Agreement Details - The agreement reached between Cambodia and the U.S. temporarily reduces tariffs to 20%, avoiding a potential 49% tariff that could have severely impacted Cambodia's export-dependent economy [3][11]. - Approximately 40% of Cambodia's total exports, projected at $26.2 billion in 2024, are directed to the U.S., with textiles and footwear being the primary export sectors [3][19]. - The agreement includes provisions for "origin tracking" and "third-party circumvention," requiring Cambodia to enhance oversight of the sources of raw materials used in exports to the U.S. [3][5]. Group 2: Economic Impact and Compliance Requirements - If the raw material sourcing does not meet U.S. requirements, a punitive tariff of 40% will be imposed for "third-party circumvention" [6]. - Cambodian exporters must submit over 12 types of documentation, including procurement contracts and customs declarations, to comply with the agreement [6][11]. Group 3: Broader Implications for Southeast Asia - The U.S. aims to establish a clear and controllable supply chain in Southeast Asia, reducing reliance on Chinese manufacturing [7][19]. - Similar agreements have been made with Vietnam, indicating a trend where the U.S. is pushing Southeast Asian countries to exclude Chinese products from their export systems [9][20]. - Other Southeast Asian nations, such as Indonesia and Thailand, are also navigating their trade relationships with the U.S. amid concerns about maintaining balance with China [14][15][19].