利用开放促进（或影响）技术进步的渠道机制很多，可简要总结为如下几个主要方面。其一，国际贸易为技术本身提供了市场，使得技术可以在国际间流 动，同时，国际贸易也为隐含技术的产品提供了市场，使得技术创新得以实现其收益，从而促进创新。其二，高科技产品之中必然隐含着相应的技术，产 品贸易不仅仅是物品的跨国流动，同时也是隐含技术的跨国流动，因此产品贸易会带来技术的跨国溢出，特别地，产品的跨产业使用极为频繁，会导致技 术的跨产业溢出、沿产业链溢出、以及产业间的交叉协作创新，从而有利于促进贸易国的技术进步。其三，跨国公司通过在东道国投资生产或构建供应 链、设立研发中心等，将技术带到东道国，对东道国本土企业带来溢出效应，或对供应链合作企业、研发合作伙伴带来技术促进。其四，经济开放会加强 市场竞争，竞争可能迫使企业加强创新，推动技术进步。其五，国际资本和人才等要素的流动，可能缓解一国企业面临的融资约束、人力资本约束，加强 知识和经验的传播，从而影响创新。当然，上述部分影响也可能是负面的。比如，市场竞争的加剧可能挤压本土企业的市场份额，从而由于规模经济效应 削弱企业创新投资的激励；外国先进技术或中间产品可得性的提高，可能引发企业对 ...

Core Viewpoint - The essence of economic development lies in technological progress and the development of new productive forces, emphasizing that "good openness" should promote technological advancement rather than merely static welfare improvements from resource reallocation [1]. Group 1: Mechanisms of Open Economy Promoting Technological Progress - International trade provides markets for technology and products, facilitating the realization of innovation benefits [2]. - Product trade leads to cross-industry technology spillovers and collaborative innovation, enhancing technological progress in trading countries [2]. - Multinational corporations contribute to technology transfer and spillover effects in host countries through investments and R&D centers [2]. - Increased market competition from economic openness can drive firms to innovate and advance technology [2]. - The flow of international capital and talent can alleviate financing and human capital constraints, enhancing knowledge dissemination and innovation [2]. Group 2: Principles of "Technology Progress-Oriented Openness" - "Technology progress-oriented openness" aims for dynamic and sustainable growth benefits, contrasting with traditional theories that focus on static welfare improvements [4]. - Technological progress can manifest in various dimensions, including efficiency improvements, new product development, and organizational restructuring [5]. - Sources of technological progress include both external (international diffusion, technology transfer) and internal (independent innovation) factors, necessitating a comprehensive approach to openness [5]. - Different countries at various development stages should focus on different aspects of openness to optimize technological progress [6]. - Continuous investment in human capital and R&D is crucial for leveraging external technology sources and fostering independent innovation [6]. Group 3: Balancing Openness and Technological Progress - Institutional mechanisms are needed to incentivize ongoing technological and industrial upgrades, preventing stagnation after initial static gains [7]. - There can be conflicts between expanding openness and promoting domestic technological progress, requiring careful policy design to balance both [7]. - The goal of technological progress is to achieve industrial upgrades and further innovation, rather than self-sufficiency or reduced specialization [8]. Group 4: Current Context and Future Directions - China's economic development has reached a new critical stage, necessitating a focus on seizing opportunities from the current technological revolution [9]. - High-quality development is essential, with new productive forces driven by innovation being a key focus [9]. - The relationship between openness and technological progress must be understood within the context of globalization to effectively promote innovation [10]. - The book "Technology Progress-Oriented Openness" explores the impact of openness on technological progress and new productive forces in the context of China's modernization [11].