Summary of AIDC HVDC Expert Exchange Call Industry Overview - The discussion centers around the **HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current)** power supply systems and their advantages over traditional **UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)** systems in data centers, particularly as data centers evolve towards high-performance GPU and ASIC servers [1][2][4]. Key Points and Arguments 1. **Efficiency Comparison**: Traditional UPS systems incur energy losses due to AC-DC-AC conversion, while HVDC systems only require AC-DC conversion, leading to approximately a 1% efficiency improvement, especially in high-power applications [1][2][5]. 2. **Power Demand Increase**: By 2025, GPU and ASIC servers are expected to exceed 100 kW per cabinet, making traditional UPS and low-voltage HVDC inadequate. This necessitates an increase in power system voltage to meet output power demands [1][4]. 3. **Cost Implications**: The cost of adopting HVDC systems is projected to be 30%-50% higher than existing UPS systems for ±400V HVDC, and 20%-30% higher for 800V HVDC systems [3][16]. 4. **Operational Cost Savings**: A 1% increase in power supply efficiency is crucial for large data centers, as electricity costs are the primary operational expense over a 10-15 year lifecycle. Improved efficiency also reduces cooling energy consumption, enhancing overall data center performance metrics like PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) [5][6]. 5. **PUE Definition**: PUE is a key metric for data center efficiency, with values closer to 1 indicating better efficiency. A typical good PUE value is around 1.2, meaning 20% additional energy is used for cooling and power supply systems [6]. Future Developments 1. **Upcoming HVDC Systems**: NVIDIA plans to release an 800V VDC system in May 2025, with other major companies like Meta, Google, and Microsoft defining ±400V HVDC systems expected to ship in Q1 2026 [1][7]. 2. **Transition to HVDC**: CSPs (Cloud Service Providers) are expected to gradually transition to ±400V HVDC systems for their server and HGX screen purchases post-2026 [7][10]. 3. **Mixed Power Supply Systems**: Data centers operated by Meta, Google, and Microsoft will utilize a hybrid approach, incorporating both ±400V HVDC and traditional power cabinets [10]. Technical Insights 1. **System Architecture Differences**: ±400V HVDC operates on a three-wire system compatible with existing 400V PSU, while 800V HVDC uses a two-wire system requiring updated PSU support [3][11]. 2. **Power Supply Unit (PSU) Requirements**: The PSU power requirements for ±400V systems will be 12 kW or 18 kW, depending on the server capacity, with older 5.5 kW units becoming obsolete [12]. 3. **Core Components of HVDC Systems**: Key electrical components include power devices (MOSFETs, diodes), magnetic devices (capacitors, inductors), and control devices, with the highest costs associated with power and distribution devices [20]. Market Dynamics 1. **Supplier Landscape**: Major suppliers for HVDC systems include Eaton, Schneider, and Vertiv, with potential for Delta to join. These companies are primarily involved in manufacturing UPS and PSU equipment [19]. 2. **Domestic Participation**: Chinese companies currently play a role in the supply chain but mainly as OEMs, with limited involvement in system-level development. Future opportunities for collaboration in module development may arise [23]. Challenges and Opportunities 1. **Transition Challenges for UPS Manufacturers**: Established UPS manufacturers like Vertiv and Schneider face challenges in transitioning to HVDC due to differences in application and design, despite having relevant technical expertise [26]. 2. **PSU Manufacturers' Position**: Domestic PSU manufacturers are well-positioned to transition to HVDC, but face challenges in market entry, particularly in North America, due to the need for familiarity with local user requirements [27]. Conclusion The shift towards HVDC systems in data centers is driven by the need for higher efficiency and power capacity to support advanced computing technologies. The transition presents both challenges and opportunities for existing power supply manufacturers and new entrants in the market.

Summary of Liquid Cooling Technology and Industry Developments Industry Overview - Liquid cooling technology is becoming the mainstream choice for data center cooling, improving energy efficiency and reducing PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) values. Despite higher initial installation costs, long-term economic benefits are expected as penetration rates increase and applications scale up [1][5][4]. Key Insights - The blade-type liquid cooling system industry is experiencing rapid penetration growth, benefiting from the launch of GB300 and the introduction of related designs by North American manufacturers. This sector has significant long-term growth potential, with growth rates outpacing data center installation growth [1][6]. - Infinet, as a core supplier to NVIDIA, offers a comprehensive secondary product line and overall solutions, with strong profitability and good medium to long-term investment value. Revenue is expected to exceed $5 billion and net profit to increase by $800 million by 2026 [1][7]. - Domestic companies such as Shenling Environment, Highlan, and Kexin New Source have relatively comprehensive solution capabilities. Feilong Co. and Huagong New Material have competitive advantages in soldering, while Feilong also excels in electronic pumps and valves, indicating significant space for foreign substitution [1][8]. Market Dynamics - Recent developments include Feilong Co. receiving intention orders from Taiwanese companies, marking its entry into NVIDIA's supply chain. Jianghuai Co. has also received small batch orders from Delta and domestic clients, indicating its entry into the NVIDIA supply chain [1][10]. - The trend towards liquid cooling in data centers is driven by the increasing power requirements of cabinets, with liquid cooling becoming necessary for power levels exceeding 50-60 kW, and modular liquid cooling required for over 200 kW [2]. Economic Considerations - The economic comparison between liquid cooling and air cooling is debated. While liquid cooling hardware costs appear lower initially, total lifecycle costs, including installation and operational expenses, are crucial. Long-term, liquid cooling systems may demonstrate superior economics as penetration increases [5][6]. Competitive Landscape - Companies with strong investment potential in the blade-type liquid cooling system sector include Infinet, which is a core supplier to NVIDIA and has a comprehensive product line. This positioning provides a competitive edge in the future market landscape [7]. - Domestic companies like Shenling Environment, Highlan, and Kexin New Source are noted for their comprehensive solution capabilities in the liquid cooling field, with Feilong Co. and Huagong New Material having competitive advantages in specific segments [8][9]. Future Outlook - Feilong Co. is considered undervalued, with potential profits from approximately 100,000 cabinets expected to reach around $300 million. If it captures a 30% market share, revenues could reach $900 million [16][17]. - The liquid cooling market is projected to grow, with GB200 and GB300 liquid cooling cabinets valued at approximately $150,000 and $170,000, respectively. The market share for liquid cooling is currently around 4-5% [14][15]. Conclusion - Liquid cooling technology is positioned for significant growth, driven by increasing power demands in data centers and the need for higher energy efficiency. Companies like Infinet and Feilong Co. are well-placed to capitalize on these trends, making them attractive investment opportunities in the evolving landscape of data center cooling solutions [20].