Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the evolution of development theories and practices across different historical contexts, emphasizing the need for innovative and adaptive approaches to economic development in response to changing global conditions [1][2][14][15]. Group 1: Historical Context of Development Theories - The transition to capitalism and industrialization in Western countries set a precedent for economic development, leading to the emergence of various economic theories that influenced global policies [1]. - Post-World War II, development economics emerged to address the urgent economic development needs of newly independent nations, drawing from Western industrialization experiences [2]. - Structuralism dominated development economics from the 1940s to the 1960s, advocating for government intervention and capital accumulation, but faced challenges in the 1970s leading to stagnation in developing countries [2]. Group 2: Shift to Neoliberalism - The rise of neoliberal economic theories in the 1980s, particularly the "Washington Consensus," promoted market liberalization and reduced government intervention, which ultimately led to significant failures in many developing nations [2]. - The period termed the "lost two decades" for developing countries highlighted the inadequacies of applying Western industrialization models to diverse economic contexts [2]. Group 3: New Development Concepts - The introduction of new development concepts by Xi Jinping emphasizes innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing as essential for high-quality economic growth [14]. - These new concepts aim to address the contradictions and challenges faced by China in the context of rapid development and changing global dynamics, moving beyond traditional development paradigms [14][15]. - The new development philosophy is positioned as a solution to contemporary global issues such as economic inequality, environmental degradation, and the challenges of globalization [15].

2025.05. 08 本文字数：2061，阅读时长大约3分钟 据哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院消息，哈佛大学教授、"软实力"理论创始人、现代国际关系构建者约瑟夫 ·奈（Joseph S. Nye Jr.）于6日去世，享年88岁。 约瑟夫·奈最著名的学术贡献之一是与普林斯顿大学教授基欧汉（Robert Keohane）共同提出新自 由主义理论。上世纪80年代，他还提出了"软实力"（Soft Power）这一概念，用于描述国家在国际 舞台上的非军事影响力。 美国前国务卿布林肯（Antony Blinken）发文缅怀称："他的一生堪称精彩。鲜有人能像他一样为我 们的思想财富、对世界的理解以及美国在世界上的地位作出如此巨大的贡献。他是我以及许多人的朋 友和导师。" 美国对外关系委员会全球卫生高级研究员、美国西东大学外交与国际关系学院教授黄严忠向第一财经 记者追忆道，约瑟夫·奈在上世纪80年代末提出"软实力"理论体系，这一学术思想深刻影响了包括他 在内的众多学者。 学术和政策成就 约瑟夫·奈于1937年出生，成长于新泽西州一个小镇。他在普林斯顿大学攻读学士学位，随后作为罗 德学者在牛津大学学习，之后前往哈佛大学攻读博士学位。 ...

Core Insights - Joseph Nye, a prominent figure in international relations and the founder of the concept of "soft power," passed away at the age of 88, leaving a significant impact on the field of international affairs [1][3]. Academic and Policy Achievements - Joseph Nye was born in 1937 and had a distinguished academic career at Harvard University, where he taught for 60 years after earning his PhD in 1964 [3]. - He led the Belfer Center at Harvard from 1989 to 1993, conducting groundbreaking research on nuclear weapons control post-Soviet Union, which influenced U.S. policy on preventing "loose nukes" [3]. - As Dean of the Kennedy School from 1995 to 2004, he oversaw a 40% increase in faculty and the establishment of five new research centers [3]. - Nye co-authored "Power and Interdependence" in 1977, which laid the foundation for neoliberalism by analyzing the growing influence of multinational corporations and international organizations in global politics [3]. Soft Power Theory - Nye introduced the concept of "soft power" in the late 1980s, emphasizing the ability to attract and persuade rather than coerce, which he articulated in his book "Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power" [4]. - Soft power is described as the capacity to influence others through appeal rather than force, akin to the Chinese concept of "leading without commanding" [4]. Recent Commentary and Influence - Nye remained active in commenting on international affairs until shortly before his death, critiquing former President Trump's understanding of soft power and its implications for U.S. foreign policy [7]. - He argued that Trump's focus on coercive tactics undermined America's soft power, which is crucial for maintaining alliances and global influence [7]. - Nye maintained that soft power remains important, asserting that attractiveness can reduce the need for coercive measures in international relations [7][8].