Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the fundamental changes in globalization and political dynamics that are forcing developed economies to rely more on fiscal measures for economic adjustment, leading to increased political resistance, a gradual loss of fiscal discipline, and a subservient monetary policy, which in turn raises the risk premium for global long-term bonds [2][4]. Summary by Sections Monetary Policy Framework Changes - The 2025 Jackson Hole meeting is seen as a pivotal moment, potentially marking the beginning of the end for Federal Reserve independence, as external political pressures influence monetary policy decisions [4][5]. - The shift in monetary policy framework is strategically used to provide a long-term rationale for short-term dovish turns, making policy changes appear more legitimate and less arbitrary [6][8]. - Historical lessons emphasize the importance of central bank independence, with past political pressures leading to significant economic consequences, such as the inflation crisis of the 1970s [6][8]. Political Pressure on the Federal Reserve - The Trump administration employed a multi-layered strategy to pressure the Federal Reserve into lowering interest rates, including public attacks on Chairman Powell and threats of dismissal [12][13]. - This public humiliation created a hostile political environment, challenging the legitimacy of the Fed's decision-making [14]. - The administration also sought to exploit administrative issues, such as the renovation of the Fed's headquarters, to undermine Powell's authority and create grounds for dismissal [15][18]. New Macroeconomic Paradigm - A shift towards a "big fiscal era" is occurring, where fiscal policy is becoming the primary tool for economic management, while monetary policy is relegated to a secondary role [22][23]. - The effectiveness of monetary policy is diminishing in the face of supply-side shocks, with fiscal measures increasingly driving economic outcomes [24]. - Powell's compliance with political pressures reflects a broader trend where the Fed's independence is compromised, making it more responsive to political dynamics [23][24]. Global Market Outlook - The market has largely priced in a 25 basis point rate cut by the Fed in September, but this may only be the beginning of a series of cuts, with potential for a total of 75 basis points within the year [27][29]. - The dual nature of the upcoming rate cuts serves both preventive and responsive purposes, addressing economic slowdown while also providing liquidity to the market [27][29]. - The implications of these cuts present both opportunities and risks for the stock market, as liquidity expansion may support valuations, but also highlight underlying economic weaknesses [29][32].

Group 1 - The Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell is expected to announce significant changes to the Fed's policy framework during his speech at Jackson Hole, which may include a shift away from the "average inflation targeting" strategy [1][2] - The current framework, established in 2012, is set for a five-year review, and the upcoming adjustments will reassess the policies and communication strategies that were last updated before the pandemic [1][2] - Observers believe that the previous tolerance for inflation overshooting contributed to the Fed's delayed response to rising inflation post-pandemic, leading to aggressive interest rate hikes [2] Group 2 - Powell's anticipated speech is expected to restore a more forward-looking policy strategy while acknowledging supply chain risks and aiming to rebalance inflation and employment perspectives [2] - The need to optimize the Fed's communication mechanisms regarding economic forecasts and uncertainties is emphasized, particularly concerning the quarterly economic outlook report that includes the "dot plot" of interest rate expectations [2]