Core Insights - The article discusses the significant impact of rotavirus infections on neonates, particularly highlighting the severe symptoms and systemic infections that can arise, which are not effectively prevented by existing vaccines [2][5] - A recent study reveals that dysregulation of the hepcidin-iron axis plays a critical role in impairing antiviral immunity and causing liver damage in neonates infected with rotavirus, providing new therapeutic targets for related diseases such as biliary atresia [3][11] Summary by Sections Rotavirus and Its Impact - Rotavirus is a major cause of life-threatening gastroenteritis in children under five, leading to severe symptoms in neonates, including blood in stool and unstable vital signs, with current vaccination strategies offering no protection [2][5] - The prevalence of biliary atresia (BA) is noted, affecting 1 in every 5,000 to 18,000 newborns, with its etiology linked to infections, immune dysregulation, and genetic susceptibility [5] Research Findings - The study published in the journal Immunity identifies iron metabolism dysregulation as a key mechanism in rotavirus-related systemic infections in neonates, suggesting new treatment avenues [3][11] - Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that iron dysregulation is a driving factor for liver damage in rotavirus infections, with elevated hepcidin levels inhibiting iron export and leading to cellular damage [6][9] Clinical Implications - An open-label clinical trial demonstrated that preoperative folic acid supplementation significantly reduced the incidence of cholangitis from 74% to 21% and liver transplantation rates from 41.1% to 11.1% in biliary atresia patients [8] - The study emphasizes the importance of targeting the hepcidin-iron signaling pathway to mitigate liver damage and improve outcomes in neonates with rotavirus infections [9][11]

Core Insights - A nationwide cold wave is affecting most regions of China, leading to an increase in acute infectious diarrhea caused by pathogens like norovirus and rotavirus, particularly among vulnerable populations [1][2][3] Group 1: Norovirus - Norovirus, also known as winter vomiting disease, has a peak season from October to March, with a low infectious dose and a rapid onset of symptoms, typically within 24 to 48 hours [1][2] - Symptoms of norovirus infection include gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, with children experiencing more vomiting and adults primarily suffering from diarrhea [2][3] - There is no specific antiviral treatment for norovirus; management focuses on symptomatic support, including hydration and electrolyte correction, especially for high-risk groups like children and the elderly [3][6] Group 2: Rotavirus - Rotavirus infections are particularly risky for children under two years old, with symptoms including watery diarrhea, fever, and vomiting [5][9] - Both norovirus and rotavirus are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, with potential contamination from infected food, water, or surfaces [5][9] - Vaccination against rotavirus is an effective preventive measure for children, recommended by the World Health Organization to start at six weeks of age to build immunity before the peak infection season [7][9] Group 3: Prevention and Management - Emphasis on hygiene practices, such as ensuring food cleanliness and regular disinfection of potentially contaminated items, is crucial for preventing rotavirus infections [9][11] - Parents are advised to monitor their children for symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea, ensuring adequate hydration and seeking medical attention if symptoms worsen [9][11] - Schools and childcare facilities are highlighted as critical areas for prevention, with recommendations for strict food hygiene and health monitoring of staff to prevent outbreaks [9][11]