（原标题：马桥文化：长三角考古学文化的余响） 文博时空 作者 翟德芳 迄今为止，长三角地区发现的新石器时代的考古学文化，获得学术界公认并命名 的，按照历史发展的时间顺序，分别为上山文化、跨湖桥文化、河姆渡文化、马家浜文化、崧泽文化、 良渚文化、广富林文化、钱山漾文化和马桥文化。我在前面的访古文字中，已经逐个介绍了从上山文化 到广富林文化的发现史及文化特征，在广富林文化的内容里简单介绍了钱山漾文化，本篇文字要介绍的 马桥文化，已经是长三角地区的最后一个考古学文化，再往后就是吴越等历史时代的文化了。在这个意 义上，马桥文化可以说是长三角地区以典型遗址命名的考古学文化的余响。 马桥文化是以最早发掘的上海市闵行区马桥镇的马桥遗址命名的。我在长三角地区的访古之行中，把上 海地区的遗址博物馆作为专项考察的对象，看完崧泽遗址、广富林遗址后，就来到马桥遗址考古博物 馆，观摩学习之后，也就有了这一篇访古文字的内容。 上海考古第一挖 马桥遗址发现于上个世纪50年代末的大跃进期间。1959年12月，文物机构接到群众报告，称在马桥人民 公社发现了化石。相关人员随即赶赴现场进行调查，在沿河北岸的台地上发现大量印纹硬陶、红色印文 软陶的 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significance of the Guangfulin culture, which emerged after the decline of the Liangzhu civilization, highlighting its archaeological importance and cultural connections in the Shanghai region [2][11]. Group 1: Archaeological Significance - The Guangfulin site is the largest archaeological site in Shanghai, with extensive excavations revealing a wealth of artifacts and cultural layers spanning from the Neolithic to the Zhou dynasty [3][4]. - Initial discoveries at Guangfulin began in 1958, with formal excavations starting in 1999, confirming an area exceeding 100,000 square meters, later expanded to approximately 150,000 square meters [3][4]. - The site has yielded evidence of multiple cultural layers, including the Songze culture, Liangzhu culture, Qianshanyang culture, and Guangfulin culture, providing insights into the region's historical development [5][8]. Group 2: Cultural Characteristics - The Guangfulin culture, identified as a local cultural phenomenon, existed for a brief period of about 200 years, connecting the late Neolithic Liangzhu culture with the early Xia and Shang dynasties [11][18]. - Artifacts from the Guangfulin culture include distinctive pottery types, such as tripod vessels and jade cong, which show influences from both local and northern cultures, indicating a blend of cultural elements [9][17]. - The burial practices and settlement structures of the Guangfulin culture reflect a lack of centralized authority and a diverse social structure, with evidence of rice cultivation and resource utilization from aquatic environments [15][20]. Group 3: Historical Context - The Guangfulin culture is positioned as a bridge between early civilizations along the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, filling gaps in the archaeological record of the Yangtze River Delta [11][18]. - The transition from the Liangzhu culture to the Guangfulin culture is marked by significant environmental changes and cultural interactions, leading to the eventual emergence of the Maqiao culture [20]. - The findings at Guangfulin contribute to understanding the socio-economic conditions and technological advancements in the region during the Zhou dynasty, including the development of bronze casting techniques [10][19].

Core Insights - The article discusses the archaeological significance of the Chenghu site, highlighting its historical importance and the discoveries made there, particularly related to the Liangzhu culture and its early writing symbols [1][10]. Archaeological Discoveries - Chenghu was originally a lake approximately 45 square kilometers in size, known for its rich archaeological finds, including over 1,200 artifacts from various periods, spanning 5,000 years from the Neolithic to the Tang and Song dynasties [2][11]. - Excavations revealed remnants of a Neolithic settlement from the Songze culture, including housing structures, water systems, and rice paddies, indicating advanced agricultural practices [3][4]. Cultural Artifacts - The artifacts from the Liangzhu culture are particularly notable, featuring pottery that reflects artistic creativity, such as animal-shaped vessels and intricately designed pots with symbolic engravings [4][5][6]. - A significant find includes a pottery vessel with engraved symbols, which has sparked considerable academic interest regarding the origins of Chinese writing, suggesting that these symbols may represent an early form of written language [7][9]. Historical Context - The article outlines the historical evolution of the Chenghu area, noting its prominence during the Wu and Yue states in ancient China, and how it transitioned from a thriving settlement to being submerged under water due to natural and human-induced changes [10][12]. - The formation of Chenghu as a lake is attributed to climatic changes and human activities, particularly during the Song dynasty, which led to significant flooding and the eventual disappearance of the ancient settlements [12][14].