Core Insights - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine this year highlights the dual nature of the immune system, showcasing both activation and suppression mechanisms [1] - The discovery of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is crucial for maintaining immune balance and preventing autoimmune diseases [2] - Insights into the mechanisms of immune-related diseases could lead to breakthroughs in treatments for autoimmune diseases and cancer therapies [3] Group 1: Immune System Mechanisms - T cells are traditionally viewed as aggressive defenders against pathogens, but their overactivity can lead to self-attack and autoimmune diseases [2] - The concept of "immune tolerance" is essential, where overactive T cells need to be suppressed to maintain a balanced immune response [2] - Regulatory T cells serve as a "brake" on the immune system, preventing excessive reactions against the body's own tissues [2] Group 2: Implications for Disease Treatment - The discoveries related to regulatory T cells provide insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus [3] - Targeting regulatory T cells in cancer therapy could enhance the effectiveness of treatments by removing their suppressive effects on anti-tumor T cells [3] - Research is ongoing in China to develop innovative therapies based on these findings, with promising results from studies on maintaining Treg function in inflammatory environments [4]