Core Insights - An international team has discovered a unique exoplanet, PSR J2322-2650b, which challenges existing astronomical theories due to its carbon-rich atmosphere [1][2] - The planet orbits a pulsar with a very short orbital period of approximately 7.8 hours and has a mass similar to Jupiter but a slightly higher density [1] - The atmosphere of this exoplanet is primarily composed of helium and carbon, with very low levels of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen, suggesting that carbon molecules may form diamonds under immense pressure [1] Group 1 - The exoplanet PSR J2322-2650b is shaped like an oblate spheroid due to the strong gravitational pull of its pulsar, differing from the typical spherical shape of planets [1] - This planet is categorized as a "hot Jupiter," characterized by its gaseous nature and proximity to its parent star, resulting in a very high surface temperature [1] - The spectral analysis indicates that the carbon exists in molecular form rather than as carbon dioxide or hydrocarbons, which is unusual for hot Jupiters [1] Group 2 - Researchers are investigating whether PSR J2322-2650b can be classified as a rare "black widow" pulsar system, where the pulsar consumes the material of its companion star [2] - Unlike previously identified "black widow" systems, this exoplanet exhibits characteristics that align with hot Jupiters in terms of mass, density, and surface temperature [2] - The traditional theory regarding "black widow" pulsars, which suggests that the companion star is gradually stripped of its outer layers, does not adequately explain the unique chemical composition of PSR J2322-2650b's atmosphere [2]

来源：科技日报 科技日报记者 刘霞 该行星距离地球约4000光年，围绕一颗高速旋转的脉冲星（中子星）运行，这本身就十分罕见。团队发现，与所有已知围绕主序星运行的行星不 同，这颗行星大气中富含大量碳分子（C3、C2），并伴有强烈的西风。如此极端的碳含量，严重冲击了当前对这类天体的认知。传统理论认为， 它们源于剥离的恒星核心，本应含有更丰富的元素。这一新发现为理解系外行星的化学组成和大气动力学提供了全新线索。 团队解释说，此前从未在任何系外行星大气中观测到碳分子，因为行星大气中的碳通常易与其他原子，如氮和氧等结合，而非自身结合。要在其 中形成碳分子，必须清除几乎所有其他元素，例如氧和氮。 此外，由于J2322-2650b距离主恒星极近，且主恒星质量巨大，其形状被脉冲星的引力拉扯成类似柠檬的椭球形。该行星"一年"仅有约7.8小时，表 面最冷处温度也高达约650℃。与大多数巨行星不同，其大气风向与行星自转方向相反。 这颗行星看起来呈深红色，大气中飘浮着石墨云，宛如"一颗邪恶的柠檬"，堪称迄今已知最奇特的系外行星。 美国芝加哥大学科学家利用詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜，发现了一颗形状酷似柠檬的奇特系外行星——PSR J232 ...

Core Findings - A unique exoplanet named PSR J2322-2650b has been discovered by scientists at the University of Chicago using the James Webb Space Telescope, characterized by its lemon-like shape and high carbon content in its atmosphere [1][2] - This exoplanet is located approximately 4000 light-years from Earth and orbits a rapidly rotating pulsar, which is a rare occurrence in the known universe [1] - The atmosphere of PSR J2322-2650b contains significant amounts of carbon molecules (C3, C2) and exhibits extreme conditions that challenge existing theories of planetary formation [1] Atmospheric and Physical Characteristics - The planet's proximity to its host star and the massive size of the pulsar have resulted in its lemon-shaped, oblate form, with a "year" lasting about 7.8 hours and surface temperatures reaching up to 650°C [2] - Unlike most gas giants, the atmospheric wind direction on PSR J2322-2650b is opposite to the planet's rotation [2] - The planet appears deep red with clouds of graphite floating in its atmosphere, earning it the description of "an evil lemon" and marking it as one of the most peculiar exoplanets known to date [2]

Core Insights - The article discusses the recent observations of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, which has sparked curiosity and speculation since its entry into the solar system this summer, traveling at a speed exceeding 240,000 kilometers per hour [2][3] Group 1: Observations and Findings - NASA has released images from multiple spacecraft, confirming that 3I/ATLAS is a typical comet driven by ordinary physical mechanisms, dismissing theories of it being an alien spacecraft [2] - The closest images were captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), showing a blurry white ball composed of dust and ice, with the comet's activity increasing as it approaches the Sun [3] - Data from the James Webb Space Telescope and SPHEREx provided insights into the comet's composition, revealing a significant amount of carbon dioxide and water ice near its nucleus [3] Group 2: Anomalies and Characteristics - Observations indicated unusual phenomena, such as a rapid brightening of the comet as it neared the Sun and the detection of nickel vapor, which is atypical for low-temperature environments [4] - The comet's behavior was reconstructed in three-dimensional space using data from various spacecraft, enhancing the understanding of its characteristics [4] Group 3: Size and Origin - Despite accumulating observations, the exact size of 3I/ATLAS remains uncertain, estimated to be between several hundred meters to a few kilometers in diameter, with its shape obscured by dust [5] - The origin of 3I/ATLAS is challenging to determine, with possibilities suggesting it has been drifting in interstellar space for a long time or may originate from an older stellar system [5] - The comet is expected to come closest to Earth on December 19, at approximately 270 million kilometers away, before it begins to exit the solar system [5]

Core Insights - The European Space Agency reported the discovery of an actively growing supermassive black hole in a galaxy just 570 million years after the Big Bang, which could reveal key mechanisms behind the origins of black holes and galaxies [1] Group 1: Discovery Details - Researchers utilized the James Webb Space Telescope's near-infrared spectrograph to detect faint light from the distant galaxy CANUCS-LRD-z8.6 [1] - Analysis of the galaxy's spectral features indicates the presence of an accreting black hole that is growing at a rate exceeding expectations [1] Group 2: Characteristics of the Galaxy - The galaxy is described as very dense and has not yet produced a significant amount of heavy elements, confirming its status as an early-stage galaxy [1] - The gas within the galaxy shows signs of strong ionization from high-energy radiation and rapid rotation around a central source, which are key characteristics of an accreting supermassive black hole [1] Group 3: Implications for Black Hole Growth - Notably, the mass of the black hole in this galaxy is disproportionately large compared to the stellar mass, suggesting that black holes may grow faster than their host galaxies in the early universe [1] - This observation challenges the previously established correlation between the mass of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, indicating that black holes could form and accelerate growth even in relatively small galaxies during the early universe [1]

Core Points - NASA has released new images of the interstellar visitor comet 3I/ATLAS, which is expected to pass Earth around December 19, at a distance of approximately 270 million kilometers, about twice the distance from Earth to the Sun [1] - The comet was first discovered by the ATLAS survey telescope in Chile on July 1, and it is the third interstellar object observed in the solar system [1] - A total of 12 NASA instruments, including the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope, have captured images of the comet, with more observations expected as it continues its journey through the solar system [1] - The comet passed within 30 million kilometers of Mars this autumn, where three Mars rovers observed it, and other NASA spacecraft also tracked it [1] - Researchers believe that 3I/ATLAS originated from an external star system and has been drifting in interstellar space for millions to billions of years before entering the solar system [1] Naming Significance - The name of the comet contains its "identity code": "ATLAS" represents the discovery team, "I" indicates it is an interstellar object, and "3" signifies it is the third confirmed interstellar body [2]

Core Viewpoint - A multinational team, including researchers from Nanjing University, has confirmed the detection of phosphine on an exoplanet, Wolf 1130C, which may enhance the understanding of the chemical environment in the universe [1][3]. Group 1: Research Findings - The research results were published in the journal "Science," and the study is considered a milestone in the field [1]. - Phosphine has previously been detected in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn, but its presence on brown dwarfs was not confirmed until now [1][3]. - The study indicates that approximately 1 in every 10 million molecules in the atmosphere of Wolf 1130C is phosphine [3]. Group 2: Theoretical Implications - Two hypotheses were proposed regarding the presence of phosphine: one suggests that phosphorus is bound in phosphorus trioxide, and Wolf 1130C lacks sufficient oxygen for phosphine formation; the other posits that phosphine may originate from the neighboring stars [3][5]. - The international team is planning new observations to search for phosphine in other brown dwarfs to further validate their theoretical assumptions [5].

Core Insights - A multinational team, including Associate Professor Zhang Zenghua from Nanjing University, has confirmed the detection of phosphine on an exoplanet, Wolf 1130C, which is expected to enhance the understanding of the chemical environment in the universe [1][2] - The research, published in the journal "Science," is considered a milestone, as phosphine has previously been detected in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn, but not in other exoplanets [1][2] Group 1 - The detection of phosphine on Wolf 1130C, located 54 light-years away in a trinary star system, marks the first observation of this compound on an exoplanet [2] - The atmospheric modeling indicates that approximately 1 in every 10 million molecules in Wolf 1130C's atmosphere is phosphine [2] - The team is investigating two hypotheses for the presence of phosphine: one suggests a lack of sufficient oxygen on Wolf 1130C allows phosphorus to bond with hydrogen, while the other considers the possibility of phosphine originating from the neighboring stars [2][5] Group 2 - The international team, led by Professor Adam Burgasser from the University of California, San Diego, is planning new observations to search for phosphine on other brown dwarfs to further validate their theoretical assumptions [5]

Core Insights - NASA's recent announcement reveals the discovery of a new satellite orbiting Uranus, increasing the total known number of Uranian satellites to 29 [1] - The satellite was identified using images from the James Webb Space Telescope, specifically from a project led by the Southwest Research Institute [1][2] - The newly discovered satellite has an estimated diameter of approximately 10 kilometers, making it smaller than the previously known smallest Uranian satellite [1] Group 1 - The new satellite is located about 56,000 kilometers from the center of Uranus and orbits in a nearly circular path between the orbits of the known satellites Ophelia and Bianca [1] - This discovery is significant as it was not detected by the Voyager 2 spacecraft nearly 40 years ago, highlighting the advanced capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope [1] - The findings are part of the "Public Observer Program" of the Webb Telescope, which allows global researchers to utilize its advanced instruments for scientific studies [2]

Core Points - NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a new moon orbiting Uranus, marking the 29th known moon of the planet [1][3] - The new moon, designated S/2025 U1, was found in images taken on February 2, 2023, and is estimated to have a diameter of only 10 kilometers [1][3] - The discovery highlights the complexity of Uranus's moon system and its relationship with the planet's ring system, suggesting a chaotic history [3] Summary by Sections Discovery Details - The new moon was discovered using the near-infrared camera of the James Webb Space Telescope, which captured 10 sets of 40-minute long exposure images [1] - The moon orbits approximately 56,000 kilometers from the center of Uranus, situated between the orbits of moons Miranda and Ariel [1][3] - The moon's nearly circular orbit indicates it may have formed in its current location [1] Scientific Implications - The discovery of this small and faint moon suggests that there may be more complex structures yet to be discovered within Uranus's moon system [3] - Other planets do not possess as many small inner moons as Uranus, indicating a unique and intricate history of its satellite system [3] Observational Technology - The James Webb Space Telescope provides new perspectives for observing the outer solar system, with its high resolution and infrared sensitivity allowing for the detection of previously unseen faint and distant celestial bodies [3]