据央视新闻消息，当地时间10月7日，瑞典皇家科学院决定将2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予科学家约翰·克拉克、麦克·H·德沃雷特、约翰·M·马蒂尼，以表彰 他们"发现电路中的宏观量子力学隧道效应和能量量子化"。获奖者将平分1100万瑞典克朗（约合836万元人民币）奖金。 利用量子"隧穿"(tunnelling)，电子设法突破能量屏障。 他们的工作证明，隧穿效应不仅可以在量子世界中重现，而且可以在"现实世界"的电路中重现。科学家们利用这些知识来制造现代量子芯片。 据了解，约翰·克拉克出生于英国剑桥，在剑桥大学获得博士学位；马 马蒂尼 出生于美国，在加州大学伯克利分校获得博士学位； 德沃雷特 出生于法国 巴黎，在巴黎第十一大学（现巴黎萨克雷大学）获得博士学位。 三人设计了实验，实验中使用了由绝缘层隔开的"约瑟夫森结"超导电路。超导体是一种在特定温度下电阻消失的材料。他们证实，穿过超导体的带电粒子 的行为类似于填充整个电路的"单个粒子"，并表现出量子隧穿效应，穿过绝缘层移动到另一侧。此外，他们还观察到了能量量子化，即电路只吸收或释放 特定数量的能量。 诺贝尔委员会表示："当今使用的所有先进技术都依赖于量子力学，包括手机、 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the advancements in superconductivity research, particularly focusing on the recent breakthrough achieved by a team from Southern University of Science and Technology, which has successfully demonstrated superconductivity in nickel-based materials at ambient pressure, surpassing the "McMillan limit" of 40 Kelvin [9][10]. Group 1: Importance of Superconductivity - Superconductivity allows for "zero resistance" electrical flow, which can significantly reduce energy loss during transmission, with global transmission losses estimated at 5%-10% of total electricity generation annually [7]. - Traditional conductive materials like copper and aluminum incur energy losses due to resistance, leading to inefficiencies in power systems, especially as demand for computing power increases [7]. - The application of superconducting materials can lead to substantial energy savings and efficiency improvements in various technologies, such as MRI machines and urban power grids [7][8]. Group 2: Recent Breakthroughs in Superconductivity - The discovery of high-temperature superconductors, such as copper-based and iron-based materials, has expanded the potential applications of superconductivity by allowing operation at higher temperatures [9]. - The recent achievement of nickel-based superconductivity at ambient pressure marks a significant milestone, potentially paving the way for further advancements in superconducting materials and their applications [9][10]. - This breakthrough is seen as a critical step towards achieving "room temperature superconductivity," which would revolutionize energy transmission and storage [10]. Group 3: Applications and Future Prospects - Superconductivity has diverse applications, including magnetic levitation for trains and quantum computing, which could lead to unprecedented computational speeds [10][11]. - The development of superconducting cables, such as those used in Shenzhen, demonstrates the practical benefits of superconductivity, including reduced transmission losses and increased capacity [8]. - The ongoing research in superconductivity is expected to bridge the gap between fundamental science and industrial transformation, enhancing various sectors [11].