Core Viewpoint - The semiconductor industry is entering the 2nm era, which represents the most advanced technology to date, driven by the miniaturization of circuits and transistors, leading to significant improvements in performance, cost, and power efficiency [1][2][3]. Group 1: Technological Advancements - The term "process node" refers to the algebra of manufacturing technology, typically measured in nanometers, with smaller numbers indicating stronger processing capabilities [1]. - The trend of node scaling follows Moore's Law, which predicts that the number of components on integrated circuits will double approximately every 18-24 months [2]. - The introduction of FinFET technology in the early 2010s effectively mitigated leakage current issues associated with traditional planar transistors as technology approached the 20nm node [2]. Group 2: 2nm Technology Benefits - The 2nm semiconductor is expected to deliver a 45% performance increase and a 75% reduction in power consumption compared to 7nm chips, according to IBM's 2021 data [3]. - Gate-All-Around (GAA) transistors, which utilize nanosheets or nanowires, are designed to further improve control and suppress leakage, allowing for smaller transistor sizes while achieving higher performance [3]. Group 3: Importance for AI and IoT - The 2nm node is particularly crucial for artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), as it provides the necessary computational power and energy efficiency for AI workloads [5]. - The technology enables advanced AI to run locally on billions of small, battery-powered IoT devices without excessive energy consumption [5]. Group 4: Challenges Ahead - The transition to 2nm technology presents challenges, including increased variability and yield control difficulties, as well as the high costs associated with EUV lithography systems [5]. - Only a few companies globally can afford the level of production required for 2nm technology, despite its potential to become the cornerstone of next-generation digital infrastructure [5]. Group 5: Comparative Features - A comparison of semiconductor features across different nodes shows that 2nm technology is expected to have a transistor density greater than 300M/mm², with power efficiency improvements of up to 30-40% compared to 3nm [6].