Group 1 - The South Korean government plans to invest 15 trillion KRW (approximately 10.8 billion USD) in AI semiconductor GPU safety projects, with companies like Naver, Kakao, and NHN participating [3] - The Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) has selected Naver Cloud, NHN Cloud, and Kakao to utilize the government’s budget to purchase a total of 13,000 GPUs, which will be distributed to various research institutions across South Korea [3][4] - The initiative aims to enhance the domestic AI ecosystem and provide affordable GPU resources to industry, academia, and research institutions, while also establishing a comprehensive GPU support platform [4] Group 2 - The European Union is launching a 30 billion USD plan to build a high-capacity data center network capable of hosting millions of AI GPUs, aiming to catch up with the US and China in the AI market [4][5] - So far, the EU has allocated 10 billion EUR (approximately 11.8 billion USD) for 13 AI data centers and an additional 20 billion EUR for the initial funding of the gigawatt-level AI facility network [5] - The project has received 76 letters of intent from 16 member states, with the first AI factory expected to be operational soon [6] Group 3 - UBS estimates that each gigawatt data center will require 3 to 5 billion EUR, with the capacity to support over 100,000 advanced AI GPUs [6] - If successful, the EU's initiative could become one of the largest publicly funded AI projects globally, surpassing investments from other major economies [6] - Despite strong public interest, concerns remain regarding the project's scale, sustainability, and the need for a robust business model to attract private sector interest [7]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the concepts of horizontal and vertical scaling in GPU clusters, particularly in the context of AI Pods, which are modular infrastructure solutions designed to streamline AI workload deployment [2][4]. Group 1: AI Pod and Scaling Concepts - AI Pods integrate computing, storage, networking, and software components into a cohesive unit for efficient AI operations [2]. - Vertical scaling (Scale-Up) involves adding more resources (like processors and memory) to a single AI Pod, while horizontal scaling (Scale-Out) involves adding more AI Pods and connecting them [4][8]. - XPU is a general term for any type of processing unit, which can include various architectures such as CPUs, GPUs, and ASICs [6][5]. Group 2: Advantages and Disadvantages of Scaling - Vertical scaling is straightforward and allows for leveraging powerful server hardware, making it suitable for applications with high memory or processing demands [9][8]. - However, vertical scaling has limitations due to physical hardware constraints, leading to potential bottlenecks in performance [8]. - Horizontal scaling offers long-term scalability and flexibility, allowing for easy reduction in scale when demand decreases [12][13]. Group 3: Communication and Networking - Communication within and between AI Pods is crucial, with pod-to-pod communication typically requiring low latency and high bandwidth [11]. - InfiniBand and Super Ethernet are key competitors in the field of inter-pod and data center architecture, with InfiniBand being a long-standing standard for low-latency, high-bandwidth communication [13].