Liquidia Corp (LQDA) 2025 Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:40
Summary of Liquidia's Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Liquidia - **Industry**: Biotech, specifically in the cardiopulmonary space - **Lead Product**: Eutrebia, a treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) and Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Interstitial Lung Disease (PHILD) [3][12] Key Points and Arguments Product Development and Approval - Liquidia is approaching its PDUFA date for Eutrebia, which is set for May 24, indicating a potential approval for the treatment of PAH and PHILD [3][15] - Eutrebia utilizes proprietary print technology to create a dry powdered formulation of treprostinil, allowing for better lung deposition and tolerability [3][5] - The company has developed five launch strategies, including product profile development, a best-in-class sales force, patient support services, product availability, and payer access [4][5] Market Dynamics - The reference brand, United Therapeutics' Tyvaso, has a sales run rate of approximately $2 billion, with a market characterized by less than 20% penetration in PHILD [19][21] - Liquidia estimates the PHILD market to have around 60,000 patients, presenting significant growth opportunities [21][30] - The PAH market is described as crowded, with Liquidia aiming to position Eutrebia as the first choice among prostacyclins due to its ability to titrate to higher doses [22][23] Competitive Landscape - Liquidia is aware of ongoing litigation from United Therapeutics, which has filed multiple patents against them to delay Eutrebia's market entry [8][11] - The company is confident in its legal position and is committed to providing alternative treatments for patients [12][69] Sales and Marketing Strategy - Liquidia has a 50-person sales force with extensive experience in PAH, focusing on building relationships with healthcare providers [36][38] - The sales force has engaged in unbranded promotional efforts to educate physicians about the product and its technology [38][39] - The company plans to ensure broad access to Eutrebia through relationships with payers, targeting a market mix of approximately 50% Medicare Part D and 35-40% commercial [48][49] Product Differentiation - Eutrebia is designed to be easy to use, requiring no refrigeration and allowing for quick inhalation [51][55] - The device is familiar to pulmonologists, which may facilitate adoption among patients [55][56] - Liquidia emphasizes the importance of patient-reported outcomes and quality of life improvements as key measures of success [58][61] Future Outlook - Liquidia is preparing for a Phase 3 study of L606, a liposomal sustained release formulation, which could provide a once-daily treatment option [64][66] - The company is focused on maximizing the benefits of inhaled treprostinil and is optimistic about its long-term positioning in the market [66] Additional Important Information - Liquidia has been proactive in manufacturing commercial supply in anticipation of approval, ensuring sufficient product availability at launch [44][45] - The company is committed to addressing the needs of patients with PAH and PHILD, aiming to provide effective treatment options [12][69]
Align Technology (ALGN) 2025 Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:40
Summary of Align Technology Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Align Technology - **Industry**: Dental and Orthodontic Technology Key Points and Arguments 1. Q1 Results and Growth - Align Technology reported better-than-expected Q1 results, with growth across both orthodontic (ortho) and general practice (GP) segments, including both teen and adult markets [4][5][6] 2. Analyst Day Insights - The recent Analyst Day provided updates on innovations in digital scanning, software, and 3D printing, emphasizing the importance of technology in digitizing orthodontic practices [8][9][10] 3. Long-Range Plan (LRP) Updates - The new LRP indicates growth expectations of 5-15% from 2026 to 2028, with over 15% growth anticipated in 2029 and beyond, driven by innovations and market expansion [11][12][18] 4. Innovations Driving Growth - Key innovations include the Invisalign Palatal Expander for younger patients and the occlusal block for teenagers, addressing significant market needs [13][14][15] - The company is focusing on expanding its product portfolio to cater to various demographics and price points [17][18] 5. Market Resilience - Align Technology is confident in its ability to drive adoption and utilization globally, independent of macroeconomic conditions, particularly in the near term [19][20] 6. Direct Fabrication (DirectFab) - DirectFab is in early stages but is expected to enhance manufacturing capabilities and product offerings, with a focus on customization and efficiency [30][33][34] 7. Regional Market Insights - The U.S. market has shown stability, with a mix of GP and ortho channels, while Canada has a GP-driven model. Latin America presents unique opportunities, particularly in Brazil and Mexico, where affordability and multidisciplinary practices are key [38][48][52][56] 8. Competitive Landscape - The exit of some direct-to-consumer (DTC) competitors presents opportunities for Align to capture market share, leveraging its comprehensive product portfolio [45][46] 9. Education and Customer Engagement - Align Technology emphasizes the importance of education and peer-to-peer community building among doctors, with over 500 live education events planned in the U.S. [41][42][50] 10. Tariff Concerns - Current tariff impacts are manageable, primarily affecting iTero products from Israel, with no significant changes anticipated in the near future [59][60] 11. Doctor-Centric Approach - Align Technology focuses on building trust with doctors, emphasizing that successful outcomes depend on the confidence doctors have in Align's products and workflows [64][65] Additional Important Content - The company is leveraging technology to enhance patient awareness and treatment options, aiming for a seamless integration of orthodontic and restorative workflows [26][27][29] - Align Technology is committed to addressing market needs through continuous innovation and customer feedback, ensuring that its offerings remain relevant and effective [21][22][23]
Stryker (SYK) 2025 Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:40
Stryker Corporation (SYK) 2025 Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: Stryker Corporation - **Industry**: Medical Devices Key Points and Arguments Leadership Transition - Preston Wells, the newly appointed CFO, emphasizes a seamless transition and continuity in Stryker's strategic focus on top-line growth and capital allocation [2][3] Growth Strategy - Stryker aims to drive top-line growth through a differentiated commercial model and M&A strategy, focusing on internal innovation and acquisitions to fuel product development [5][6] - The company has committed to a 200 basis point improvement in profitability over two years, with expectations to achieve this by the end of the current year [3][18] Revenue Performance - Stryker reported an 11.1% revenue growth in Q1, with strong performance in orthopedics, trauma, and extremities businesses [11][12] - The company is experiencing strong procedural growth, particularly in hip and knee segments, outperforming the market [11] Market Dynamics - Stryker's business model allows for resilience during turbulent market conditions, as the company supports profitable procedures that hospitals prioritize [10][9] - The impact of tariffs is noted, with a potential $25 million to $50 million benefit from recent changes, although the overall impact from China is relatively small (2% to 3% of total business) [12][13] Pricing Strategy - The company has improved its pricing strategy, moving from price erosion to a more stable pricing environment, particularly in the MedSurg segment [25][27] - Positive pricing has been achieved in the MedSurg business, with expectations for sustainability [27] Capital Environment - Stryker's order book remains strong, with orders ramping up and no signs of slowdown from customers, indicating a healthy capital environment [28][29] Product Innovations - The launch of new products, such as the LifePack defibrillator and the Pangaea trauma system, is expected to drive growth in the coming years [40][46] - The Mako robotic system continues to see record placements, contributing to share gains in hip and knee procedures [48][49] M&A Strategy - Stryker remains open to M&A opportunities, with recent acquisitions like Inari expected to contribute positively to growth [61][67] - The integration of acquisitions is progressing well, with confidence in achieving projected synergies [70][71] Future Outlook - The company anticipates continued operational margin expansion and plans to communicate its long-term growth strategy at the upcoming Analyst Day [75][76] - Stryker's product pipeline is robust, with multiple years of growth expected from recent launches and innovations [54][58] Additional Important Insights - Stryker's operational model focuses on understanding customer needs and adapting to market changes, which has contributed to its consistent execution [8][9] - The company has learned from past inflationary pressures and is better positioned to respond to future economic challenges [22][23] - Stryker's leadership emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between growth and profitability, particularly in the context of M&A [63][64]
Akero Therapeutics (AKRO) 2025 Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:40
Summary of Akero Therapeutics (AKRO) Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Akero Therapeutics (AKRO) - **Focus**: Development of Afruxifirman (EFX) for the treatment of liver fibrosis and NASH (Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis) Key Industry Insights - **FGF21 Mechanism**: EFX operates through two mechanisms: it reduces liver fat (anti-steatotic) and acts as a direct antifibrotic by inhibiting collagen synthesis in hepatic stellate cells [3][4] - **Comparative Efficacy**: EFX has shown faster and more effective results in reducing liver fat compared to GLP-1 agents, with significant fibrosis responses observed in just 24 weeks [4][5] - **Regulatory Landscape**: The approval of Madrigal's Resifera has shifted investor confidence, demonstrating that the FDA is willing to approve drugs for NASH without requiring biopsies [9][10] Clinical Data Highlights - **Phase 2B Symmetry Study**: 39% of patients on EFX showed one or more stage improvement in fibrosis compared to 15% on placebo after 96 weeks, marking a significant breakthrough in treatment [11][12] - **Historical Context**: Prior to EFX, no agent had demonstrated statistically significant improvement in fibrosis in the NASH population, challenging the long-held belief that cirrhosis is irreversible [13][14] - **Mortality Implications**: Improvement in fibrosis could potentially extend life expectancy significantly for patients with cirrhosis, with a 50% five-year mortality rate without a transplant [15][16] Future Outlook - **Long-term Efficacy**: Data suggests that longer dosing periods enhance the efficacy of EFX, with expectations of continued improvement beyond the initial study endpoints [19][20] - **Regulatory Pathway**: Akero anticipates filing for regulatory approval in the first half of 2027, with a focus on both pre-cirrhotic and cirrhotic populations [33][34] - **Combination Therapies**: The potential for combining EFX with GLP-1 agents is promising, as both classes target different aspects of NASH pathology [40][41] Safety and Tolerability - **Safety Profile**: Rates of decompensation were low in the Symmetry study, with incidents of ascites being classified as incidental findings rather than clinical events [36][38] - **Combination Studies**: Initial studies combining EFX with GLP-1 agents showed no significant increase in gastrointestinal side effects, indicating a favorable tolerability profile [44][45] Market Considerations - **Payer Dynamics**: As treatment options expand, payers are likely to require non-invasive monitoring of patient progress, moving away from biopsy requirements [56][57] - **Market Competition**: The FGF21 class is data-driven, and the accumulation of clinical evidence will be crucial for distinguishing between competing therapies [52][53] Conclusion - **Clinical Benefit Focus**: The overarching goal for Akero is to demonstrate clear clinical benefits through ongoing studies, with a strong emphasis on both histological and clinical outcome measures [60]
Incyte (INCY) 2025 Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:40
Summary of Incyte (INCY) 2025 Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Incyte Corporation (INCY) - **Event**: Bank of America Healthcare Conference - **Date**: May 13, 2025 Key Industry Insights - **Impact of Executive Order**: The recent executive order lacks details, making it difficult to assess its impact on Incyte. The company primarily commercializes Jakafi in the U.S., with Novartis handling pricing outside the U.S. [3][4] - **Pipeline Flexibility**: Incyte's pipeline is not yet commercialized, allowing flexibility in response to potential pricing frameworks [5] - **Tariffs**: Expected to have minimal impact on Incyte as Jakafi is manufactured in the U.S. and the company employs a dual sourcing strategy [8][9] Financial Performance - **Jakafi Performance**: - Grew 24% year-over-year, with a 10% increase driven by demand and a 7% reduction in destocking [16] - The impact of the Part D redesign resulted in a smaller participation in the initial and catastrophic phases, benefiting the company [15] - **Opsilura Growth**: - Achieved 38% year-over-year growth, with projected net sales for the year between $630 million to $670 million [21][22] - The product is differentiated by rapid itch reduction for atopic dermatitis (AD) and is the only therapy available for vitiligo [22][32] Product Development and Pipeline - **Jakafi XR**: Expected to file for approval by the end of 2025, with anticipated approval in mid-2026. This product aims to transition existing patients to a once-a-day regimen before the patent expiry [18][19] - **Opsilura in Other Indications**: Plans to proceed with pivotal trials for Opsilura in mild to moderate hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) [35] - **POVO Development**: Two positive pivotal phase three trials conducted, with a focus on pain management in HS. Expected to file for approval by late 2026 or early 2027 [48][44] Market Position and Strategy - **Jakafi's Role**: Continues to generate significant cash flow, allowing for investment in new growth drivers. The goal is to not only replace Jakafi but to achieve double-digit growth post-Jakafi [20][59] - **Market Potential**: There are over five million patients with AD in the U.S., indicating significant room for growth. The company aims to penetrate this market further, especially among pediatric patients [29][28] - **Competitive Landscape**: Incyte believes it has the best topical treatment for itch improvement in AD, positioning itself favorably in a crowded market [32] Additional Considerations - **Patient Adherence**: Improvement in patient adherence is crucial for long-term revenue growth, particularly in vitiligo [25][26] - **Future Programs**: The mutant cholera antibody program is highlighted as a key focus for the next 15-20 years, aiming to dominate the myeloproliferative neoplasm space [50][52] This summary encapsulates the critical points discussed during the Incyte conference call, highlighting the company's current performance, strategic direction, and market opportunities.
Apogee Therapeutics Inc (APGE) 2025 Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:40
Summary of Conference Call for Apogee Therapeutics Inc (APGE) and Amelix Apogee Therapeutics Inc (APGE) Industry and Company Overview - Focus on developing treatments for atopic dermatitis, asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE) with a pipeline that includes phase two trials for multiple indications [1][2][4] Core Points and Arguments - **Atopic Dermatitis Trials**: Aiming for a six-month endpoint with reduced dosing frequency, targeting a market similar to psoriasis [1][4] - **Head-to-Head Trials**: Plans to launch a trial against Dupixent, with results expected next year [2][6] - **Market Dynamics**: The atopic dermatitis market is described as "white space," with Dupixent being the primary competitor [4][14] - **Dosing Innovations**: Emphasis on improving dosing frequency to every three months or better, which is expected to enhance efficacy [5][6][12] - **Efficacy Measures**: Data indicates deep and sustained inhibition of type two inflammation, suggesting potential for longer dosing intervals [7][8] - **Market Potential**: The atopic dermatitis market could reach $50 billion, with significant patient preference for less frequent dosing [14][15] Additional Important Content - **Patient Feedback**: Over 80% of surveyed patients preferred a drug with less frequent dosing compared to Dupixent [14] - **Financial Position**: The company has a strong balance sheet with over $680 million, providing a runway into Q1 2028 [17] Amelix Industry and Company Overview - Focus on developing treatments for rare diseases, including post-bariatric hypoglycemia (PBH) and Wolfram syndrome, with a pipeline that includes Avexatide [19][20] Core Points and Arguments - **Lead Asset - Avexatide**: A GLP-1 receptor antagonist with breakthrough therapy designation for PBH, currently in phase three trials [20][36] - **Clinical Data**: Phase two trials showed significant reductions in hypoglycemic events, with a 53% reduction in level two and a 66% reduction in level three events [38][40] - **Unmet Need**: Approximately 160,000 people in the U.S. suffer from PBH, with no approved treatments available [37][42] Additional Important Content - **Wolfram Syndrome**: Positive phase two data showing stabilization or improvement in C peptide levels, indicating better beta cell function [28][31] - **FDA Discussions**: Ongoing discussions with the FDA regarding trial design and endpoints for potential approval [30][40] - **Patient Experience**: High patient satisfaction reported, with most rating the treatment highly due to improvements in energy and reduction of hypoglycemic events [44] This summary encapsulates the key points from the conference call, highlighting the strategic focus, clinical developments, and market potential for both Apogee Therapeutics and Amelix.
Paymentus (PAY) FY Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:30
Paymentus (PAY) FY Conference May 13, 2025 04:30 PM ET Speaker0 Alright. Let's get started. My name is Tien Tsin Huang. I follow payments and IT services at JPMorgan, and this is the Paymentus fireside chat. We're happy to take questions at the end and also through the through the portal. But thank you to the Paymentus team for being here. Dushant Sharma, CEO Sanjay Kahara, CFO. Again, thank you both for for being here. I I always say like, Dushant, what you founded Paymentus of what, 02/2004, is that what ...
Calix (CALX) FY Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:30
Summary of Calix (CALX) FY Conference Call - May 13, 2025 Company Overview - **Company**: Calix (CALX) - **Industry**: Broadband Equipment and Services Key Points and Arguments Industry Dynamics - The company is experiencing a wave of disruption in the broadband equipment landscape, particularly post-COVID, with a return to sequential growth and gross margin expansion [1][6] - Larger public companies are losing broadband subscribers to "broadband experience providers," which are gaining market share due to superior customer experiences [5][6] Customer Engagement and Strategy - Calix focuses on helping broadband experience providers enhance their service offerings, which leads to high net promoter scores and low churn rates among subscribers [6][7] - The company emphasizes the importance of deployment rates and customer success, indicating that they have direct relationships with customers to monitor and support their growth [17][18] Financial Performance - Calix reported a 16% continuous annual growth rate from Q1 2019 to the present, with gross margins expanding by 175 basis points annually [13][14] - Gross margins have improved from 50% during the pandemic to 56.2% currently, indicating recovery and growth in profitability [15] Market Trends and Customer Behavior - Higher interest rates are seen as beneficial for Calix, as they prompt customers to optimize their network infrastructure and subscriber acquisition strategies [8][9] - The company has observed lumpiness in customer spending patterns, which is attributed to varying deployment schedules among small, medium, and large customers [12][16] Growth Drivers - The primary growth driver for Calix is the expansion of existing customers rather than acquiring new ones, focusing on a "land and expand" model [28] - The deployment of GigaSpire systems is a key indicator of new subscriber acquisition and overall business health [26][27] Supply Chain and Tariff Management - Calix is proactively managing supply chain challenges and tariffs, with plans to move manufacturing to Mexico to mitigate costs [30][31] - The company aims to minimize disruption to customers and will only pass on tariff costs as a last resort [32][36] Future Outlook - The company expects to maintain a long-term growth rate of 10% to 15% annually, with margin expansion of 100 to 200 basis points, despite uncertainties in the macroeconomic environment [71][72] - The potential relaxation of technology rules in government funding programs is anticipated, which could further benefit the broadband sector [64][67] Managed Services and Cloud Offerings - Adoption of managed services is increasing, with a notable ramp-up in customer deployments, which is expected to positively impact gross margins [48][51] - The Service Cloud is the most advanced offering, while the Engagement Cloud is growing as customers evolve into broadband experience providers [54][56] Government Funding and BEAD Program - There is ongoing uncertainty regarding the BEAD program, but no indications of cancellation have been reported, suggesting continued investment opportunities in the broadband space [62][63] Additional Important Insights - The company has a strong focus on cash flow management, emphasizing the importance of maintaining gross profit neutrality amidst changing market conditions [75][78] - Calix's strategic positioning and customer-centric approach are expected to provide a competitive advantage in the evolving broadband landscape [36][67]
Pegasystems (PEGA) FY Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:30
Pegasystems (PEGA) FY Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: Pegasystems (PEGA) - **Industry**: Software, specifically AI-driven decisioning and workflow automation - **Founding Year**: 1983 - **Key Executives**: Alan Troughler (Founder and CEO), Ken Stilwell (CEO and CFO) [3][5] Core Points and Arguments Business Model Transition - Transitioned to a subscription-based business model and focused on cloud services, aiming to be a "Rule of 40" company [5] - Introduction of **Blueprint**, a tool designed to streamline application development and expand the addressable market [5][7] Blueprint Tool - **Blueprint** compresses the application development lifecycle, allowing for faster client engagement and project initiation [9][10] - It enables users to input business goals and existing documentation, significantly reducing the time from weeks to mere hours for conceptualization [9][10] - Blueprint is positioned to engage users unfamiliar with Pega's offerings, facilitating new client acquisition [10] AI Differentiation - Pega's approach to AI emphasizes pre-design reasoning and workflow mapping, contrasting with competitors that rely on runtime reasoning [14][15] - The use of **Large Language Models (LLMs)** is integrated into Blueprint to enhance workflow design and predictability, minimizing risks associated with AI hallucinations [15][16][17] Legacy Transformation - Blueprint is being utilized for legacy transformation projects, allowing clients to upload existing system documentation to create new workflows and cloud-native databases [28][29] - The slow pace of digital transformation in the industry presents a significant opportunity for Pega to accelerate client projects [30][34] Customer Engagement and Market Dynamics - High engagement levels with customers, with a focus on efficiency and cost-saving measures, particularly in uncertain economic conditions [58][61] - Pega's sales strategy has shifted to emphasize Pega Cloud and Blueprint, with a notable increase in deals involving Blueprint [45][50] Financial Performance - Q1 results showed strong performance with $61 million in ACV growth, exceeding initial expectations [70] - The company anticipates a more traditional seasonal sales pattern, with Q4 expected to be stronger than Q2 and Q3 [72] Cash Flow and Growth Potential - Pega has achieved a free cash flow level around 30%, with plans to expand selling capacity while increasing growth rates and margins [74] Other Important Insights - The introduction of **adaptive subscription** models allows clients to engage with Pega flexibly, reducing contractual hurdles [52][53] - The company has a high single-digit exposure to the US federal market, indicating a stable client base [67] - The executives expressed confidence in navigating macroeconomic uncertainties, leveraging Pega's cloud solutions to reassure clients [58][60] This summary encapsulates the key points discussed during the Pegasystems FY Conference, highlighting the company's strategic initiatives, market positioning, and financial outlook.
Lamar Advertising Company (LAMR) FY Conference Transcript
2025-05-13 21:30
Summary of Lamar Advertising Company (LAMR) FY Conference Call - May 13, 2025 Company Overview - **Company**: Lamar Advertising Company (LAMR) - **Industry**: Advertising, specifically Out-of-Home (OOH) advertising Key Points and Arguments Market Conditions - The mood at the OAAA Industry Conference was constructive, with no signs of trouble in the market [1] - Q1 results showed organic growth of just over 1%, with business strong enough to maintain guidance [2][3] - 75% of revenue is already under contract, typical for this time of year [3] Financial Performance - The company expects to achieve its goals for the year, with organic growth outlook remaining around 3% [4][5] - The impact of events like the Super Bowl and leap year was material, particularly affecting the Southwest region, which saw a 1% decline [9][10] - Political advertising is expected to contribute approximately $15 million in the second half of the year [11] Economic Outlook - Historical performance during garden variety recessions indicates that Lamar typically holds the line on rates and experiences only minor occupancy declines [14][15] - Current pacings suggest a steady year ahead, with no significant downturn anticipated [15] Sector Insights - Local auto dealers are adapting to inventory issues by shifting advertising focus from new car sales to service promotions [16][18] - Retail advertising saw a 6% increase in Q1, but potential tariff impacts on inventory are being monitored closely [19] - Legal services remain a strong vertical, accounting for about 10% of revenue, with a stable customer base [21][22] Competitive Landscape - Lamar is gaining market share from local TV and radio, with a noted shift in advertising dollars towards billboards [24][27] - National advertising has been slightly underperforming, attributed to changes in agency strategies [28][29] Programmatic Advertising - Programmatic advertising is expected to exceed $50 million in 2025, with a 30% increase in Q1 [33] - The company is testing programmatic on the local side, driven by demand from more sophisticated local customers [37] Digital Conversion and CapEx - Lamar plans to convert over 350 boards to digital in 2025, with consistent returns historically between 25% to low 30% [45] - The pace of conversions is primarily governed by regulatory permitting [46] M&A Activity - The company has completed $70 million in acquisitions and expects to surpass $200 million this year, driven by pent-up demand [54] - Acquisitions typically yield high margins, with forward multiples expected to be in the 10 to 11 range post-synergies [56] Capital Allocation - Lamar is focused on digital conversions, acquisitions, and purchasing land under billboards, with a projected $20 million for easements this year [62][63] Share Repurchase Program - A $150 million share repurchase program was initiated to avoid dilution from acquisitions, executed at an average price of $108 [68][70] Transit and Airport Business - Transit revenue is stable, primarily from bus wraps, while airport business remains steady despite potential impacts from international travel [71][73] - Combined revenue from transit and airport operations is approximately $160 million, contributing around 15-17% EBITDA margins [74] Additional Important Insights - The company is navigating minor cost increases due to tariffs but does not anticipate significant supply chain issues [51][53] - The recent sale of a 20% stake in Vistar to T-Mobile is expected to enhance outdoor measurement and attribution capabilities [39][40] This summary encapsulates the key insights and financial outlook for Lamar Advertising Company as discussed in the conference call, highlighting the company's resilience and strategic focus in the advertising industry.