DEPPON(603056)
Search documents
德邦股份:德邦物流股份有限公司关于孙公司签署租赁合同暨关联交易的进展公告
2023-10-20 10:01
证券代码:603056 证券简称:德邦股份 公告编号:2023-054 德邦物流股份有限公司 关于孙公司签署租赁合同暨关联交易的进展公告 本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈 述或者重大遗漏,并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。 德邦物流股份有限公司(以下简称"德邦股份"或"公司")于 2022 年 9 月 14 日召开第五届董事会第十次会议、第五届监事会第九次会议,于 2022 年 9 月 30 日召开 2022 年第二次临时股东大会会议,审议通过了《关于孙公司拟租赁房 产暨关联交易的议案》,同意全资孙公司上海德蜀供应链有限公司(以下简称"上 海德蜀")分别与成都德基供应链管理有限公司(以下简称"成都德基")、重庆 德基仓储服务有限公司(以下简称"重庆德基")及大连德邦物流管理有限公司 (以下简称"大连德邦")签订租赁合同,租期均为 10 年,关联交易金额上限分 别为 38,000.00 万元、27,000.00 万元和 8,000.00 万元,关联董事、关联股东 回避了表决。 具体内容详见公司于 2022 年 9 月 15 日披露在上海证券交易所网站 (http:/ ...
德邦股份:德邦物流股份有限公司关于购买资产暨关联交易的进展公告
2023-09-21 14:16
德邦物流股份有限公司(以下简称"公司")于 2023 年 6 月 30 日召开第五 届董事会第十九次会议,审议通过了《关于公司购买资产暨关联交易的议案》, 同日,公司与 JD Logistics, Inc.(以下简称"京东物流")签订《资产转让协 议》,约定公司及其控股子公司将以合计不超过人民币 10,614.59 万元(不含税) 的自有资金购买京东物流及其控股子公司 83 个转运中心的部分资产。详见公司 于 2023 年 7 月 1 日披露的《德邦物流股份有限公司关于购买资产暨关联交易的 公告》(公告编号:2023-045)。 二、关联交易进展 截至目前,公司已全面接管京东物流及其控股子公司上述资产,并对相应转 运中心进行运营管理,有序推进公司和京东物流快运业务中转、运输环节的网络 融合。网络融合项目整体分为两个阶段,第一个阶段为资产全面接管,业务平稳 过渡;第二阶段为推进资源整合,增效提质降本。 证券代码:603056 证券简称:德邦股份 公告编号:2023-051 德邦物流股份有限公司 关于购买资产暨关联交易的进展公告 本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述 或者重大遗漏,并 ...
德邦股份:德邦物流股份有限公司关于召开2023年半年度业绩说明会的公告
2023-08-17 08:47
德邦物流股份有限公司 关于召开 2023 年半年度业绩说明会的公告 证券代码:603056 证券简称:德邦股份 公告编号:2023-050 本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述 或者重大遗漏,并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。 重要内容提示: 德邦物流股份有限公司(以下简称"公司")已于 2023 年 8 月 17 日发布《德 邦物流股份有限公司 2023 年半年度报告》,为便于广大投资者更全面深入地了解 公司 2023 年半年度经营成果、财务状况,公司计划于 2023 年 8 月 25 日(星期 五)上午 09:00-10:00 举行 2023 年半年度业绩说明会,就投资者关心的问题进 行交流。 一、 说明会类型 本次投资者说明会以网络互动形式召开,公司将针对 2023 年半年度的经营 成果及财务指标的具体情况与投资者进行互动交流和沟通,在信息披露允许的范 围内就投资者普遍关注的问题进行回答。 会议召开时间:2023 年 8 月 25 日(星期五)上午 09:00-10:00 会 议 召 开 地 点 : 上 海 证 券 交 易 所 上 证 路 演 中 心 ( 网 ...
德邦股份(603056) - 2023 Q2 - 季度财报
2023-08-16 16:00
Financial Performance - In the first half of 2023, the company achieved operating revenue of RMB 15.693 billion, a year-on-year increase of 6.03%[53]. - The net profit attributable to the parent company for the first half of 2023 was RMB 2.43 billion, a significant increase of 196.52% from RMB 0.82 billion in the previous year[102]. - Operating costs for the first half of 2023 amounted to RMB 14.32 billion, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 5.34%[105]. - The company reported a gross profit margin increase of 0.60 percentage points, reaching 8.75%[83]. - The company achieved a cash flow from operating activities of approximately RMB 1.57 billion, down 16.94% from RMB 1.90 billion in the previous year[105]. - The company's cash and cash equivalents at the end of the reporting period were RMB 2.39 billion, representing 15.87% of total assets, up from 9.82% in the previous year[110]. - The company's management expenses decreased by 15.88% to RMB 772.82 million, contributing to improved operational efficiency[105]. - The company reported a 11.09% year-on-year increase in express delivery revenue, reaching RMB 5.12 billion[97]. Logistics and Operations - The company's logistics cost reduction efforts have led to a decrease in the total logistics costs as a percentage of GDP from 17.2% in 2011 to 14.5% in the first half of 2023, a reduction of 2.7 percentage points over 12 years[18]. - The company has been focusing on enhancing the intelligence level of logistics equipment and reducing institutional costs to support the overall economic cycle[18]. - The company has implemented an intelligent routing system that optimizes delivery routes, improving efficiency and reducing costs[46]. - The company has developed a smart collection and delivery system to enhance end-user experience and improve delivery efficiency[45]. - The express delivery business generated revenue of RMB 10.021 billion, growing by 2.62% year-on-year, with a total of 378 million parcels delivered, an increase of 7.72%[53]. - The large parcel express business accounted for 63.86% of total revenue, indicating significant growth potential as the volume continues to increase[51]. - The company has a total of 21 distribution centers with a total area of 2.21 million square meters, supporting its extensive logistics network[58]. - The company has a total of 8,986 end network points, with a rural coverage rate of 93.82%[30]. Related Party Transactions - The company reported actual transactions with related parties amounting to RMB 9,527.72 million in the first half of 2023, with significant transactions including RMB 1,096.18 million for purchasing goods from JD Group[8]. - The company has projected a total of RMB 304,410.82 million in related party transactions for 2023, with actual transactions in the first half amounting to RMB 9,527.72 million[11]. - The company has been involved in significant related party transactions, including RMB 68,989.13 million for labor services provided by JD Technology Holdings[11]. Environmental Initiatives - The company has actively engaged in green development initiatives in the express delivery sector, achieving significant progress in reducing packaging waste and promoting recyclable materials[20]. - The company has implemented a green packaging strategy, reducing resource waste and promoting environmentally friendly practices[195]. - The company has faced a total of 11,800 yuan in fines for environmental violations related to vehicle emissions and packaging materials[193]. - The company is optimizing logistics management and energy consumption to build a green transportation system despite increased diesel consumption[196]. Employee Engagement and Management - The company has implemented two phases of an employee stock ownership plan to enhance employee motivation and engagement[42]. - The company has a strong management team with an average age of 31 years and an average tenure of over 6 years, ensuring effective strategic execution[42]. - The company has a daily active rate of 93% on its "Bang Bang Bang" blue-collar learning platform, indicating strong employee engagement in training[66]. - The company has implemented unique incentive programs to improve employee retention and has established a comprehensive training system to ensure a sufficient talent pool[158]. Strategic Developments - The company has developed a comprehensive customer service system, achieving a 2.4% year-on-year increase in the one-time resolution rate for customer complaints and a 27.7% reduction in claim processing time[37]. - The company has established strategic partnerships with nearly 100 companies, enhancing its technological capabilities and operational efficiency[70]. - The company is focused on expanding its service offerings to meet the increasing demands for specialized and differentiated logistics services[176]. - The company is exploring various financing policies to support long-term investment activities, which may be affected by limitations in generating sufficient cash flow from operations[157]. Risks and Challenges - The company faced risks related to external economic fluctuations and changes in government policies affecting the logistics industry[126]. - Labor costs accounted for 45.49% of the company's total operating costs during the reporting period, with rising wages posing a potential pressure on profitability if business volume does not support the increased costs[177]. - The company acknowledges the risk of equipment obsolescence due to rapid technological changes, which necessitates accurate capital investment planning[158]. - The logistics industry is closely correlated with macroeconomic growth, and the company faces uncertainties in future business growth due to structural adjustments in the Chinese economy[143]. - The company recognizes the potential impact of natural disasters on its operations, which could lead to supply shortages and customer loss if not properly managed[174].
德邦股份:德邦物流股份有限公司第五届董事会第二十次会议决议公告
2023-08-16 09:19
证券代码:603056 证券简称:德邦股份 公告编号:2023-049 德邦物流股份有限公司 第五届董事会第二十次会议决议公告 本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述 或者重大遗漏,并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。 一、 董事会会议召开情况 德邦物流股份有限公司(以下简称为"公司")于 2023 年 8 月 6 日向全体 董事以电子邮件的方式发出了召开第五届董事会第二十次会议的通知,并于 2023年8月16日以通讯和现场相结合的方式召开会议。本次会议应到董事7人, 实到董事 7 人。本次会议由公司副董事长陈岩磊先生主持,公司监事、董事会秘 书列席了会议。本次会议符合《中华人民共和国公司法》《德邦物流股份有限公 司章程》(以下简称为"公司章程")和《德邦物流股份有限公司董事会议事规 则》的有关规定,会议的召集、召开合法有效。 二、董事会会议审议情况 1、审议并通过《关于选举德邦物流股份有限公司第五届董事会董事长、专 门委员会委员的议案》 董事会同意选举胡伟先生为公司第五届董事会董事长、战略委员会主任委员、 提名委员会委员。胡伟先生简历如下:胡伟,男,1983 年出生, ...
德邦股份:德邦物流股份有限公司投资者关系管理制度(2023年8月修订)
2023-08-16 09:17
德邦物流股份有限公司 投资者关系管理制度 (2023 年 8 月修订) 第一章 总则 1、促进公司与投资者之间的良性关系,增进投资者对公司的进一步了解和 熟悉。 2、建立稳定和优质的投资者基础,获得长期的市场支持。 3、形成服务投资者、尊重投资者的企业文化。 4、促进公司整体利益最大化和股东财富增长并举的投资理念。 5、增加公司信息披露透明度,改善公司治理。 1 第四条 投资者关系管理遵循的基本原则: 1、合规性原则。公司投资者关系管理应当在依法履行信息披露义务的基础 上开展,符合法律、法规、规章及规范性文件、行业规范和自律规则、公司内部 规章制度,以及行业普遍遵守的道德规范和行为准则。 第一条 为进一步加强德邦物流股份有限公司(以下简称"公司")与投资 者和潜在投资者(以下均称"投资者")之间的沟通,加深投资者对公司的了解 和认同,促进公司和投资者之间建立长期、稳定的良好关系,促进公司诚信自律、 规范运作,提升公司的投资价值,实现公司价值最大化和股东利益最大化,根据 《中华人民共和国公司法》《中华人民共和国证券法》《上海证券交易所股票上 市规则》(以下简称"《上市规则》")、《上市公司投资者关系管理工作指引 ...
德邦股份:董事、监事和高级管理人员所持本公司股份及其变动管理制度(2023年8月修订)
2023-08-16 09:14
董事、监事和高级管理人员所持本公司股份 及其变动管理制度 (2023 年 8 月修订) 第一章 总则 第一条 为加强对德邦物流股份有限公司(以下简称"公司")董事、监事 和高级管理人员持有或买卖本公司股票行为的申报、披露、监督和管理,根据《中 华人民共和国公司法》(以下简称"《公司法》")、《中华人民共和国证券法》(以 下简称"《证券法》")、《上市公司董事、监事和高级管理人员所持本公司股份及 其变动管理规则》、《上市公司大股东、董监高减持股份的若干规定》、《上海证券 交易所上市公司自律监管指引第 8 号——股份变动管理》等相关法律、法规、规 范性文件以及《德邦物流股份有限公司章程》(以下简称"《公司章程》"),结合 公司的实际情况,特制定本制度。 第二条 本制度适用于公司的董事、监事和高级管理人员所持本公司股份及 其变动的管理。 第三条 公司董事、监事和高级管理人员在买卖本公司股票及其衍生品种 前,应知悉并遵守《公司法》、《证券法》等法律、法规关于内幕交易、操纵市场 等禁止行为的规定,不得进行违法违规的交易。 第四条 公司董事、监事和高级管理人员所持本公司股份,是指登记在其名 下的所有本公司股份及其衍生产品 ...
德邦股份(603056) - 2023 Q1 - 季度财报
2023-04-28 16:00
Financial Performance - The net profit attributable to shareholders for Q1 2023 was RMB 0.73 billion, a significant increase of 191.26% compared to a net loss of RMB 0.80 billion in Q1 2022[18]. - The company reported a decrease in period expenses to RMB 5.41 billion, down 23.13% year-on-year, with management expenses dropping by 25.07%[15]. - The net profit after deducting non-recurring gains and losses was RMB 4.40 million, up 102.75% year-on-year[30]. - Operating profit for Q1 2023 was 80,708,948.48, a significant improvement from a loss of 103,363,588.08 in Q1 2022[55]. - Net profit for Q1 2023 reached 71,613,426.91, compared to a net loss of 79,647,138.52 in Q1 2022, indicating a turnaround in profitability[55]. - Total comprehensive income attributable to the parent company was CNY 77,835,490.99, a decrease of 227,417,533.94 compared to the previous period[56]. - Basic and diluted earnings per share were both CNY 0.07, compared to a loss of CNY 0.08 in the previous period[56]. Revenue and Business Segments - Revenue from the express delivery business reached RMB 49.29 billion, representing a year-on-year growth of 6.90%[10]. - Revenue from other businesses, primarily warehousing and supply chain services, was RMB 2.63 billion, up 19.72% year-on-year[11]. - In Q1 2023, the company achieved operating revenue of RMB 7.42 billion, representing a year-on-year increase of 5.66%[30]. - Total revenue for Q1 2023 was 7,417,443,107.77, compared to 7,020,127,233.48 in Q1 2022, representing an increase of approximately 5.66%[53]. - Operating revenue for Q1 2023 was RMB 73,047,974.48, a decrease of 19.5% compared to RMB 90,693,607.65 in Q1 2022[91]. Assets and Liabilities - Total assets as of March 31, 2023, were RMB 144.23 billion, a decrease of 4.01% from RMB 150.25 billion at the end of 2022[9]. - The asset-liability ratio improved to 51.41%, a decrease of 2.51 percentage points from 53.92% at the end of 2022[9]. - Total assets at the end of the reporting period were RMB 14.42 billion, down 4.01% from the end of 2022[31]. - The total liabilities decreased to 7,414,607,372.80 from 8,100,915,627.34, a reduction of approximately 8.46%[52]. - The total current liabilities reached 2,759,000,390.91 CNY, an increase from 2,456,277,043.99 CNY in the previous period[72]. - The total liabilities amounted to 2,854,908,682.41 CNY, compared to 2,804,889,749.36 CNY previously[89]. Cash Flow and Financial Position - The company's cash flow from operating activities was RMB 596.45 million, showing a decrease of 38.30% compared to the previous year[30]. - Cash inflow from operating activities totaled CNY 8,375,947,664.80, an increase from CNY 8,255,375,747.26 year-over-year[57]. - Net cash flow from operating activities was CNY 596,448,248.36, down from CNY 966,652,737.54 in the previous year[57]. - Cash inflow from investing activities was CNY 518,487,354.10, compared to CNY 3,453,665,907.21 in the previous period[58]. - The net increase in cash and cash equivalents for the period was 435,566,838.34 CNY, with a closing balance of 1,706,910,637.14 CNY[66]. Cost Management - The company's operating costs for Q1 2023 were RMB 68.63 billion, an increase of 5.50% year-on-year, with a cost-to-revenue ratio of 92.52%, down 0.14 percentage points[13]. - Labor costs amounted to RMB 3.48 billion, up 1.01% year-on-year, with a decrease in the proportion of labor costs to revenue by 2.16 percentage points[36]. - Research and development expenses for Q1 2023 were 45,152,482.51, down from 51,247,382.52 in Q1 2022, showing a decrease of about 11.87%[53]. - The company reported a significant increase in financial expenses, with interest expenses rising to RMB 13,347,395.53 in Q1 2023 from RMB 26,325,463.17 in Q1 2022[91]. Shareholder Information - The total number of ordinary shareholders at the end of the reporting period was 21,086[21]. - The equity attributable to shareholders increased to RMB 7.01 billion, up 1.21% from the end of the previous year[31]. - The total equity attributable to shareholders increased to 7,009,649,928.70 from 6,925,577,954.33, reflecting a growth of approximately 1.21%[52]. - The retained earnings rose to 3,650,263,801.39 CNY from 3,502,380,571.46 CNY[89].
德邦股份:德邦物流股份有限公司关于参加2023年上海辖区上市公司年报集体业绩说明会暨现金分红说明会的公告
2023-04-25 08:17
证券代码:603056 证券简称:德邦股份 公告编号:2023-034 德邦物流股份有限公司 关于参加 2023 年上海辖区上市公司年报集体业绩说 明会暨现金分红说明会的公告 本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述 或者重大遗漏,并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。 重要内容提示: 德邦物流股份有限公司(以下简称"公司")已于 2023 年 4 月 21 日发布《德 邦物流股份有限公司 2022 年年度报告》,并将于 2023 年 4 月 29 日发布《德邦物 流股份有限公司 2023 年第一季度报告》,为便于广大投资者更全面深入地了解公 司 2022 年度及 2023 年第一季度经营成果、财务状况、现金分红等具体情况,公 司计划于 2023 年 5 月 10 日(周三)15:00 至 17:00 参加"2023 年上海辖区上市 公司年报集体业绩说明会"活动,就投资者关心的问题进行交流。 一、 说明会类型 本次业绩说明会以网络的形式举行,公司将针对 2022 年度及 2023 年第一季 度的经营成果、财务指标、现金分红的具体情况与投资者进行互动交流和沟通, 会议召开时间 ...
德邦股份(603056) - 2022 Q4 - 年度财报
2023-04-20 16:00
Logistics Industry Overview - In 2022, China's total social logistics costs reached 17.8 trillion yuan, an increase of 4.4% year-on-year, with a ratio of social logistics costs to GDP at 14.7%[1] - Transportation costs accounted for over 50% of total social logistics costs, amounting to 9.55 trillion yuan in 2022, with road transport comprising over 70% of the transportation segment[4] - The logistics industry is experiencing a trend towards increased market concentration, with the top 10 companies in the LTL (Less Than Truckload) sector accounting for 84.9% of total revenue in 2022, up from 69.3% in 2017[11] - The demand for LTL services is growing, driven by higher customer expectations for service and efficiency, as well as the increasing digitalization of logistics operations[11] - The large parcel delivery market is expected to grow significantly, as it meets the evolving needs of users and benefits from advancements in technology and service quality[15] - The logistics industry is making significant progress in cost reduction and efficiency improvement, with a focus on smart, standardized, and green development[16] - Regulatory measures have been implemented to ensure fair competition and protect the rights of delivery personnel, promoting a healthier logistics market environment[18] - The green development of the logistics sector has seen notable achievements, with policies aimed at reducing packaging waste and promoting sustainable practices[19] Company Performance - The express delivery business generated revenue of 9.601 billion yuan in 2022, ranking among the industry leaders[23] - The company achieved a coverage rate of 94.0% in national cities and a 5.33% year-on-year increase in town coverage for its express delivery services[25] - The logistics cost as a percentage of GDP decreased from 17.2% in 2011 to 14.7% in 2022, reflecting significant cost reduction efforts in the logistics industry[29] - The company operates 146 warehouses with a total area of 970,300 square meters, providing integrated warehousing and distribution services[33] - The cross-border business has established 186 premium routes, including mainland to Japan, South Korea, Europe, and Southeast Asia[32] - The company’s other business segment achieved revenue of 1.006 billion yuan in 2022, a year-on-year growth of 6.12%[33] - The express delivery business accounted for 66.21% of the company's total revenue in 2022[25] - In 2022, the company achieved a net profit attributable to shareholders of 648,764,668.25 CNY, a significant increase of 339.08% compared to 147,755,062.01 CNY in 2021[48] - The company's operating revenue for 2022 was 31,391,543,663.30 CNY, showing a slight increase of 0.10% from 31,359,068,083.26 CNY in 2021[89] - The net cash flow from operating activities reached 3,599,961,503.44 CNY, representing a 49.85% increase from 2,402,318,857.33 CNY in 2021[89] - The company's total assets as of the end of 2022 were 15,025,318,581.29 CNY, a decrease of 5.49% from 15,897,981,465.34 CNY at the end of 2021[89] - The net assets attributable to shareholders increased by 6.68% to 6,925,577,954.33 CNY from 6,491,973,078.28 CNY in 2021[89] Strategic Initiatives - The company plans to enhance its express delivery infrastructure to improve transportation efficiency and service quality[31] - The company aims to upgrade its express delivery operations and increase resource investment to maintain its leading position in the road express sector[23] - The company plans to focus on enhancing service quality and transportation standards in the large parcel delivery sector to meet increasing consumer demands[43] - The e-commerce sector's penetration into large parcel delivery is expected to create significant growth opportunities, with online retail sales of home appliances reaching 58.2% in 2022, up from 11% in 2014[43] - The company plans to continue expanding its market presence and investing in new technologies to drive future growth[93] Financial Metrics - Basic earnings per share for 2022 reached CNY 0.64, a significant increase of 326.67% compared to CNY 0.15 in 2021[91] - Diluted earnings per share also stood at CNY 0.64, reflecting the same growth rate of 326.67% from CNY 0.15 in the previous year[91] - The net profit attributable to shareholders for Q4 2022 was CNY 322,522,057.99, marking a recovery from a loss of CNY 79,599,937.94 in Q1 2022[94] - The operating revenue for Q4 2022 was CNY 8,574,871,028.50, showing a steady increase from CNY 7,020,127,233.48 in Q1 2022[94] - The weighted average return on equity increased to 9.67% in 2022, up by 7.29 percentage points from 2.38% in 2021[91] - The net profit after deducting non-recurring gains and losses for Q4 2022 was CNY 212,462,408.63, compared to a loss of CNY 160,320,414.06 in Q1 2022[94] - The cash flow from operating activities for Q4 2022 was CNY 819,070,236.74, indicating a consistent cash generation capability[94] - The total amount of non-recurring gains and losses in 2022 was CNY 336,897,784.25, compared to CNY 355,627,322.38 in 2021[96] - The company reported a significant increase in basic earnings per share after excluding non-recurring items, reaching CNY 0.31 in 2022, up from a loss of CNY 0.21 in 2021[91] Operational Efficiency - The company reduced its management expenses by 13.57% to RMB 1.944 billion, improving efficiency through organizational optimization[137] - The gross profit margin increased to 10.19%, up by 0.98 percentage points from the adjusted 2021 figure of 9.21%[159] - The number of end points reached 8,801, with a coverage rate of 94.0% in rural areas[166] - The company has 132 distribution centers with a total area of 2.32 million square meters, and the sorting capacity increased by 4.1% year-over-year[169] - The company operates 22,160 vehicles, reflecting a year-over-year increase of 6.31 percentage points[188] - The comprehensive damage rate for the company's logistics services decreased, with the express business damage rate down to 6.2%[193] - The number of effective contract customers grew from 326,000 in the previous year to 355,000 in Q4 2022[180] Human Resources and Employee Engagement - The company has recruited a total of 17,416 undergraduate students and 2,649 master's and doctoral graduates since 2006, highlighting its commitment to talent development[197] - As of December 31, 2022, approximately 29.1% of the company's employees hold a bachelor's degree or higher, while 52.5% have an associate degree or above, indicating a high overall quality of personnel[197] - The average age of the management team is 31 years, with an average tenure of over 6 years, while the core middle and senior management team has an average age of 37 years and an average tenure exceeding 12 years[198] - The company offers a competitive compensation structure that includes fixed income, variable bonuses, allowances, long-term incentives, and unique benefits[200] - The company has implemented two phases of an employee stock ownership plan to enhance employee motivation and engagement[200] - Current employee welfare programs include "Family 1+1," Mid-Autumn Festival gifts, and comprehensive family support services[200] Awards and Recognition - The company received multiple awards for its service quality and innovation, including the "2022 China Logistics Innovation Demonstration Enterprise" award[196]