Progressive(PGR)
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S&P 500 Gains and Losses Today: Bunge Stock Soars as Trump Eyes China Cooking Oil Ban; Progressive Plunges
Investopedia· 2025-10-15 20:50
Core Insights - Shares of Bunge, the world's largest oilseed processor, surged 13% following President Trump's threat to embargo Chinese cooking oil, highlighting the impact of U.S.-China trade tensions on the agribusiness sector [2][7] - Major financial firms like Morgan Stanley and Bank of America reported better-than-expected quarterly results, leading to a nearly 5% increase in their stock prices [4] - Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) saw a nearly 10% rise in shares after announcing a deal to sell chips to Oracle, reflecting positive sentiment in the semiconductor industry [3] Agribusiness - Bunge's stock performance was significantly influenced by geopolitical developments, specifically the potential embargo on Chinese cooking oil, which has become a contentious issue in U.S.-China trade relations [2][7] - The surge in Bunge's shares indicates strong market confidence in the company's position as a leading oilseed processor amidst trade disputes [2] Financial Sector - Morgan Stanley and Bank of America both experienced stock price increases of close to 5% due to strong earnings reports, with Morgan Stanley benefiting from robust trading revenue and Bank of America from growth in investment banking fees [4] - The positive earnings results from these financial firms suggest resilience in the financial sector despite broader market volatility [4] Semiconductor Industry - AMD's shares rose nearly 10% following a significant deal with Oracle, showcasing the ongoing demand for semiconductor products [3] - The positive outlook from ASML and other semiconductor equipment manufacturers contributed to a broader rally in semiconductor stocks, indicating a strong market environment for this sector [3] Insurance Sector - Progressive's shares fell approximately 6% after reporting third-quarter earnings that did not meet analysts' expectations, primarily due to a $950 million charge related to its Florida auto insurance business [5] - The decline in Progressive's stock reflects the challenges faced by insurance companies in managing regulatory and operational costs [5]
Progressive Shares Rise 3.3% To Hit Intraday High After Key Trading Signal
Benzinga· 2025-10-15 19:13
Core Insights - Progressive Corporation (NYSE:PGR) triggered a significant Power Inflow alert, indicating bullish market sentiment driven by increased order flow from both institutional and retail traders [3][4]. Group 1: Power Inflow Signal - The Power Inflow signal was issued at 10:15 AM EST on October 15th, with PGR priced at $218.11, following a notable price decline [4]. - After the alert, PGR's stock price rose to a high of $225.39 by 2:30 PM EST, reflecting a 3.3% increase from the alert price [7]. - The Power Inflow alert is a proprietary signal from TradePulse, designed to highlight significant shifts in order flow, suggesting a high probability of bullish price movement for the remainder of the trading day [5]. Group 2: Order Flow Analytics - Order flow analytics provide insights into real-time buying and selling trends by examining volume, timing, and order size, which helps traders make informed decisions [6]. - The Power Inflow alert serves as an example of how order flow analytics can reveal bullish momentum, particularly during periods of declining stock prices [7]. - Traders who acted on the Power Inflow signal could have realized significant intraday gains, demonstrating the effectiveness of monitoring order flow data [7].
PGR Q3 Earnings & Revenues Miss Estimates, Rise Y/Y on Higher Premiums
ZACKS· 2025-10-15 18:41
Core Insights - The Progressive Corporation's Q3 2025 earnings per share (EPS) of $4.05 missed the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 20.3% despite a year-over-year increase of 13.1% [1][8] - Operating revenues reached $22.2 billion, falling short of the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 0.6% [1] - The company's shares declined by 5.2% in pre-market trading following the earnings report [1] Financial Performance - Net premiums written increased by 10% to $21.3 billion compared to $19.5 billion a year ago [1][8] - Net premiums earned grew by 14% to $20.8 billion, but this figure missed the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $21.1 billion [2] - The net realized gain on securities was reported at $288 million, reflecting a 2% year-over-year increase [2] Combined Ratio and Policies - The combined ratio deteriorated by 50 basis points to 89.5, exceeding the Zacks Consensus Estimate of 87 [2] - Policies in force in the Personal Lines segment rose by 13% to 36.9 million, aligning with the Zacks Consensus Estimate [3] - The Special Lines segment improved by 8% to 7 million policies, also matching the Zacks Consensus Estimate [3] Segment Performance - The Personal Auto segment saw Agency Auto policies increase by 13% to 10.6 million and Direct Auto policies jump by 17% to 15.6 million [3] - The Commercial Auto segment policies rose by 6% year over year to 1.2 million, while the Property business had 3.7 million policies in force, also up by 6% [4] Financial Metrics - Progressive's book value per share increased by 30.4% to $60.45 as of September 30, 2025, compared to $46.36 a year earlier [5] - Return on equity was reported at 37.1%, down from 40.2% in the previous year [5] - The total debt-to-total capital ratio improved by 410 basis points to 16.3 [5] Market Position - Progressive currently holds a Zacks Rank 3 (Hold) [6]
Progressive stock slides on Q3 earnings miss
Proactiveinvestors NA· 2025-10-15 15:12
Group 1 - Proactive provides fast, accessible, informative, and actionable business and finance news content to a global investment audience [2][3] - The news team covers key finance and investing hubs including London, New York, Toronto, Vancouver, Sydney, and Perth [2] - Proactive specializes in medium and small-cap markets while also keeping the community updated on blue-chip companies, commodities, and broader investment stories [2][3] Group 2 - The team delivers news and insights across various sectors including biotech, pharma, mining, natural resources, battery metals, oil and gas, crypto, and emerging technologies [3] - Proactive adopts technology to enhance workflows and improve content production [4][5] - All content published by Proactive is edited and authored by humans, ensuring adherence to best practices in content production and search engine optimization [5]
Progressive: Peak Margin Fears Intensify
Seeking Alpha· 2025-10-15 14:50
Core Insights - Shares of The Progressive Corporation (NYSE: PGR) have underperformed over the past year, with a loss of approximately 5% in value [1] Company Performance - Investors are increasingly concerned about the potential for profits to be affected negatively [1]
Progressive (PGR) Lags Q3 Earnings and Revenue Estimates
ZACKS· 2025-10-15 14:35
Core Insights - Progressive reported quarterly earnings of $4.05 per share, missing the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $5.08 per share, representing an earnings surprise of -20.28% [1] - The company posted revenues of $22.22 billion for the quarter, missing the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 0.57%, compared to $19.43 billion in the same quarter last year [2] - Progressive shares have increased by approximately 0.3% year-to-date, underperforming the S&P 500's gain of 13% [3] Earnings Performance - Over the last four quarters, Progressive has surpassed consensus EPS estimates two times [2] - The current consensus EPS estimate for the upcoming quarter is $4.16, with expected revenues of $22.56 billion, and for the current fiscal year, the estimate is $18.62 on revenues of $87.14 billion [7] Market Outlook - The company's earnings outlook is crucial for investors, as it reflects current consensus expectations and any recent changes [4] - The Zacks Rank for Progressive is currently 2 (Buy), indicating expectations for the stock to outperform the market in the near future [6] - The Insurance - Property and Casualty industry is ranked in the top 19% of over 250 Zacks industries, suggesting a favorable outlook for stocks within this sector [8] Competitor Insights - Donegal Group, another company in the same industry, is expected to report quarterly earnings of $0.37 per share, reflecting a year-over-year decline of -19.6% [9] - Donegal Group's anticipated revenues are $243.9 million, down 2.4% from the previous year [10]
This Insurer Is Today's Worst Stock in the S&P 500. Here's Why.
Barrons· 2025-10-15 14:35
Core Viewpoint - Progressive reported weaker-than-expected earnings for the third quarter, primarily due to a policy change in Florida [1] Group 1: Earnings Performance - The company's earnings fell short of analysts' expectations for the third quarter [1] - The policy change in Florida significantly impacted the company's financial results [1] Group 2: Policy Impact - The recent policy change in Florida is a key factor contributing to the decline in earnings [1]
Progressive(PGR) - 2025 Q3 - Quarterly Results
2025-10-15 12:40
```markdown [Executive Summary & Key Highlights](index=1&type=section&id=Executive%20Summary%20%26%20Key%20Highlights) [Monthly & Quarterly Financial Performance](index=1&type=section&id=Monthly%20%26%20Quarterly%20Financial%20Performance) The Progressive Corporation reported mixed financial results for September and the quarter ended September 30, 2025. While net premiums written and earned showed growth, net income for September significantly decreased compared to the prior year, though year-to-date net income increased September and Quarter Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024 Financial Highlights (millions) | Metric | September 2025 | September 2024 | September Change | Quarter 2025 | Quarter 2024 | Quarter Change | | :----------------------------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :--------------- | :----------- | :----------- | :------------- | | Net premiums written | $7,128 | $6,570 | 8 % | $21,384 | $19,455 | 10 % | | Net premiums earned | $6,827 | $6,263 | 9 % | $20,849 | $18,297 | 14 % | | Net income | $305 | $585 | (48) % | $2,615 | $2,334 | 12 % | | Per share available to common shareholders | $0.52 | $0.99 | (48) % | $4.45 | $3.97 | 12 % | | Combined ratio | 100.4 | 93.4 | 7.0 pts. | 89.5 | 89.0 | 0.5 pts. | [Policies in Force Overview](index=1&type=section&id=Policies%20in%20Force%20Overview) As of September 30, 2025, the company experienced a 12% increase in companywide policies in force compared to the prior year, driven primarily by strong growth in Personal Lines, particularly Direct – auto and Agency – auto Policies in Force as of September 30 (thousands) | Category | 2025 | 2024 | % Change | | :------------------ | :----- | :----- | :------- | | Personal Lines | | | | | Agency – auto | 10,630 | 9,415 | 13 | | Direct – auto | 15,619 | 13,388 | 17 | | Special lines | 6,980 | 6,475 | 8 | | Property | 3,651 | 3,460 | 6 | | Total Personal Lines | 36,880 | 32,738 | 13 | | Commercial Lines | 1,198 | 1,131 | 6 | | Companywide | 38,078 | 33,869 | 12 | [Detailed Financial Statements](index=2&type=section&id=Detailed%20Financial%20Statements) [Monthly Comprehensive Income Statement](index=2&type=section&id=Monthly%20Comprehensive%20Income%20Statement) For the month ended September 30, 2025, Progressive reported total revenues of $7,421 million, primarily driven by net premiums earned. Net income for the month was $305 million, with losses and loss adjustment expenses being the largest expense category Comprehensive Income Statement for the Month Ended September 30, 2025 (millions) | Category | Amount | | :---------------------------------- | :----- | | Net premiums written | $7,128 | | **Revenues:** | | | Net premiums earned | $6,827 | | Investment income | $311 | | Total net realized gains (losses) on securities | $138 | | Total revenues | $7,421 | | **Expenses:** | | | Losses and loss adjustment expenses | $4,492 | | Policy acquisition costs | $509 | | Other underwriting expenses | $1,005 | | Policyholder credit expense | $950 | | Total expenses | $7,029 | | Income before income taxes | $392 | | Net income | $305 | | Total comprehensive income (loss) | $273 | [Year-to-Date Comprehensive Income Statement](index=3&type=section&id=Year-to-Date%20Comprehensive%20Income%20Statement) Year-to-date through September 30, 2025, total revenues reached $64,925 million, a significant increase from $55,096 million in 2024. Net income for the period was $8,357 million, up from $6,124 million in the prior year, reflecting strong overall performance Comprehensive Income Statement for Year-to-Date Periods Ended September 30 (millions) | Category | 2025 | 2024 | | :---------------------------------- | :----- | :----- | | Net premiums written | $63,666 | $56,319 | | **Revenues:** | | | | Net premiums earned | $60,568 | $51,655 | | Investment income | $2,609 | $2,042 | | Total net realized gains (losses) on securities | $470 | $317 | | Total revenues | $64,925 | $55,096 | | **Expenses:** | | | | Losses and loss adjustment expenses | $39,854 | $36,077 | | Policy acquisition costs | $4,522 | $3,930 | | Other underwriting expenses | $8,423 | $6,781 | | Policyholder credit expense | $950 | $0 | | Total expenses | $54,384 | $47,350 | | Income before income taxes | $10,541 | $7,746 | | Net income | $8,357 | $6,124 | | Total comprehensive income (loss) | $9,969 | $7,585 | [Per Share & Investment Results](index=4&type=section&id=Per%20Share%20%26%20Investment%20Results) [Net Income & Comprehensive Income Per Share](index=4&type=section&id=Net%20Income%20%26%20Comprehensive%20Income%20Per%20Share) Diluted EPS for September 2025 was $0.52, a 48% decrease from September 2024. However, year-to-date diluted EPS significantly increased to $14.21 from $10.39 in 2024, reflecting improved overall profitability over the longer period Per Common Share Results (millions, except per share amounts) | Metric | September 2025 | Year-to-Date 2025 | Year-to-Date 2024 | | :------------------------------------------ | :------------- | :---------------- | :---------------- | | Net income available to common shareholders | $305 | $8,357 | $6,107 | | Per common share (Diluted) | $0.52 | $14.21 | $10.39 | | Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | $273 | $9,969 | $7,568 | | Per common share (Diluted) | $0.46 | $16.95 | $12.88 | | Total average equivalent common shares - Diluted | 588.2 | 588.1 | 587.7 | [Investment Performance](index=4&type=section&id=Investment%20Performance) The total investment portfolio achieved a 0.4% fully taxable equivalent (FTE) total return for September 2025 and 6.1% year-to-date. Common stocks showed strong monthly returns, while fixed-income securities contributed significantly to year-to-date returns Investment Results | Metric | September 2025 | Year-to-Date 2025 | Year-to-Date 2024 | | :-------------------------------- | :------------- | :---------------- | :---------------- | | **Fully taxable equivalent (FTE) total return:** | | | | | Fixed-income securities | 0.3% | 5.8% | 5.1% | | Common stocks | 3.6% | 13.8% | 20.3% | | Total portfolio | 0.4% | 6.1% | 5.7% | | Pretax annualized investment income book yield | 4.2% | 4.2% | 3.8% | [Supplemental Business Segment Information](index=5&type=section&id=Supplemental%20Business%20Segment%20Information) [Monthly Segment Performance](index=5&type=section&id=Monthly%20Segment%20Performance) For September 2025, Personal Lines showed strong growth in net premiums written (11%) and earned (11%), while Commercial Lines experienced a decrease in NPW (-7%) and NPE (-4%). The companywide combined ratio was 100.4, with Personal Lines vehicles showing ratios above 100, partly due to Florida policyholder credits Monthly Net Premiums Written & Earned by Segment (millions) | Segment | Net Premiums Written | % Growth in NPW | Net Premiums Earned | % Growth in NPE | | :-------------------- | :------------------- | :-------------- | :------------------ | :-------------- | | Personal Lines Total | $6,374 | 11% | $5,939 | 11% | | Commercial Lines | $753 | (7)% | $888 | (4)% | | Companywide Total | $7,128 | 8% | $6,827 | 9% | Monthly GAAP Ratios by Segment | Segment | Loss/LAE ratio | Expense ratio | Combined ratio | | :-------------------- | :------------- | :------------ | :------------- | | Personal Lines Vehicles Agency | 66.0 | 36.5 | 102.5 | | Personal Lines Vehicles Direct | 68.1 | 37.0 | 105.1 | | Personal Lines Property | 40.8 | 28.7 | 69.5 | | Personal Lines Total | 66.1 | 36.4 | 102.5 | | Commercial Lines | 63.6 | 23.0 | 86.6 | | Companywide Total | 65.7 | 34.7 | 100.4 | - The decrease in **Commercial Lines net premiums written** was primarily attributable to the **transportation network company (TNC) business**, driven by a **decrease in the monthly adjustment for projected mileage**[10](index=10&type=chunk) - **Florida policyholder credits** accounted for **17.8 points** in **Personal Lines vehicles agency channel** and **15.9 points** in the **Personal Lines vehicles direct channel**, significantly impacting their **expense and combined ratios**[10](index=10&type=chunk) [Year-to-Date Segment Performance](index=6&type=section&id=Year-to-Date%20Segment%20Performance) Year-to-date, Personal Lines demonstrated robust growth with a 16% increase in NPW and 20% in NPE. Commercial Lines NPW slightly decreased (-1%) but NPE grew by 3%. The companywide combined ratio improved to 87.3, indicating better underwriting profitability Year-to-Date Net Premiums Written & Earned by Segment (millions) | Segment | Net Premiums Written | % Growth in NPW | Net Premiums Earned | % Growth in NPE | | :-------------------- | :------------------- | :-------------- | :------------------ | :-------------- | | Personal Lines Total | $55,134 | 16% | $52,343 | 20% | | Commercial Lines | $8,530 | (1)% | $8,224 | 3% | | Companywide Total | $63,666 | 13% | $60,568 | 17% | Year-to-Date GAAP Ratios by Segment | Segment | Loss/LAE ratio | Expense ratio | Combined ratio | | :-------------------- | :------------- | :------------ | :------------- | | Personal Lines Vehicles Agency | 64.7 | 20.3 | 85.0 | | Personal Lines Vehicles Direct | 67.3 | 22.3 | 89.6 | | Personal Lines Property | 48.8 | 29.2 | 78.0 | | Personal Lines Total | 65.3 | 21.8 | 87.1 | | Commercial Lines | 67.3 | 20.5 | 87.8 | | Companywide Total | 65.7 | 21.6 | 87.3 | [Financial Position & Commentary](index=7&type=section&id=Financial%20Position%20%26%20Commentary) [Condensed GAAP Balance Sheet](index=7&type=section&id=Condensed%20GAAP%20Balance%20Sheet) As of September 30, 2025, total assets were $121,535 million, with total investments at $94,509 million. Shareholders' equity stood at $35,445 million, and the debt-to-total capital ratio was 16.3%, indicating a stable financial structure Condensed GAAP Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2025 (millions) | Category | Amount | | :------------------------------------------ | :------- | | Total investments | $94,509 | | Total assets | $121,535 | | Unearned premiums | $26,822 | | Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves | $42,105 | | Other liabilities | $10,267 | | Debt | $6,896 | | Total liabilities | $86,090 | | Shareholders' equity | $35,445 | | Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $121,535 | | Book value per common share | $60.45 | | Trailing 12-month return on average common shareholders' equity (Net income) | 35.9 % | | Trailing 12-month return on average common shareholders' equity (Comprehensive income) | 37.1 % | | Debt-to-total capital ratio | 16.3 % | [Monthly Commentary (Florida Policyholder Credits)](index=8&type=section&id=Monthly%20Commentary) Progressive recorded a $950 million policyholder credit expense in September 2025, representing an estimate of profit exceeding the statutory limit for Florida personal auto insurance for the 2023-2025 period. Credits are expected to be provided to active policyholders by early 2026 - Progressive recorded a **$950 million policyholder credit expense** in **September 2025**, representing its current estimate of profit exceeding **Florida's statutory profit limit** for **personal auto insurance** over the **2023-2025 period**[15](index=15&type=chunk) - The estimated liability will be refined through **Q4 2025** and **Q1 2026**, considering factors like **storm activity** and **reserve development**[15](index=15&type=chunk) - Credits are expected to be provided in **early 2026** to approximately **2.7 million Florida personal auto policyholders** active at **December 31, 2025**[15](index=15&type=chunk) [Corporate Information & Disclosures](index=8&type=section&id=Corporate%20Information%20%26%20Disclosures) [Upcoming Events](index=8&type=section&id=Upcoming%20Events) Progressive has scheduled its third-quarter Investor Relations conference call for November 4, 2025, and plans to file its Form 10-Q on November 3, 2025. October results are expected to be released on November 19, 2025 - **Third quarter Investor Relations conference call** scheduled for **Tuesday, November 4, 2025**, at **9:30 a.m. eastern time**[16](index=16&type=chunk) - **Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q** with the SEC planned for filing on **Monday, November 3, 2025**[16](index=16&type=chunk) - **October results** planned for release on **Wednesday, November 19, 2025**, before the market opens[17](index=17&type=chunk) [About The Progressive Corporation](index=8&type=section&id=About%20Progressive) Progressive is a leading US insurer offering personal and commercial auto, home, motorcycle, boat, and RV insurance. Founded in 1937, it is the second-largest personal auto insurer and known for innovative shopping tools and customer convenience - Progressive offers insurance for **personal and commercial autos and trucks, motorcycles, boats, recreational vehicles, and homes**[18](index=18&type=chunk) - The company is the **second-largest personal auto insurer** in the country and a **leading seller of commercial auto, motorcycle, and boat insurance**[18](index=18&type=chunk) - **Founded in 1937**, Progressive provides shopping tools and services like **Name Your Price®**, **Snapshot®**, and **HomeQuote Explorer®** to save customers time and money[19](index=19&type=chunk) [Regulation FD & Safe Harbor Statement](index=9&type=section&id=Regulation%20FD%20Disclosure%20Outlets) The company uses its website and investor relations website for public dissemination of material information in compliance with Regulation FD. The report also includes a Safe Harbor Statement, cautioning investors about forward-looking statements and outlining various risks and uncertainties that could affect actual results - Progressive disseminates information to the public through its **corporate website (progressive.com)** and **investor relations website (investors.progressive.com)** to ensure broad, non-exclusionary distribution of material information in compliance with **Regulation FD**[20](index=20&type=chunk) - The report contains **forward-looking statements** that are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to **risks and uncertainties**, including the ability to **underwrite accurately**, establish **loss reserves**, and manage **severe weather impacts**[22](index=22&type=chunk)[25](index=25&type=chunk) - Investors are cautioned that reported results may be **volatile** in certain accounting periods due to the **timing of establishing reserves** for risks and adjustments from **regular reserve reviews**[24](index=24&type=chunk) ```
Progressive Reports September 2025 Results
Globenewswire· 2025-10-15 12:16
Core Insights - Progressive Corporation reported a significant increase in policies in force across personal and commercial lines, indicating strong growth in its insurance business [1][4]. Group 1: Financial Performance - For the month ended September 30, 2025, net premiums written reached $7,128 million, an 8% increase from $6,570 million in 2024 [4]. - Net premiums earned for the same month were $6,827 million, up 9% from $6,263 million in 2024 [4]. - The company reported a net income of $305 million, a decrease of 48% compared to $585 million in 2024 [4]. - Earnings per share available to common shareholders fell to $0.52, down 48% from $0.99 in the previous year [4]. - The combined ratio for the month was 100.4, an increase of 7.0 points from 93.4 in 2024, indicating a decline in underwriting profitability [4]. Group 2: Policies in Force - Total personal lines policies in force increased to 36,880 thousand, a 13% rise from 32,738 thousand in 2024 [1]. - Agency auto policies grew by 13% to 10,630 thousand, while direct auto policies saw a 17% increase to 15,619 thousand [1]. - Special lines and property policies also experienced growth, with increases of 8% and 6%, respectively [1]. - Commercial lines policies in force rose by 6% to 1,198 thousand [1].
Is Progressive Corp. Poised for an Earnings Beat This Q3?
ZACKS· 2025-10-13 17:21
Core Insights - The Progressive Corporation (PGR) is anticipated to show growth in both revenue and earnings for Q3 2025, with revenues expected to reach $22.3 billion, reflecting a 14.9% increase year-over-year [1][6] - The earnings per share (EPS) estimate stands at $5.00, indicating a year-over-year growth of 39.7% [2][6] Revenue and Earnings Estimates - The Zacks Consensus Estimate for Q3 revenues is $22.3 billion, up 14.9% from the previous year [1][6] - The earnings estimate for Q3 is $5.00 per share, which has increased by two cents in the past week [2] - The consensus estimate for net premiums earned is $21.1 billion, representing a 15.3% increase from the year-ago figure [8] Earnings Surprise History - Progressive has beaten the Zacks Consensus Estimates in three of the last four quarters, with an average surprise of 8.23% [4] - The earnings surprise history shows a reported EPS of $4.88 for the last quarter, exceeding the estimate by 10.16% [4] Factors Influencing Q3 Results - An increase in premiums, higher net investment income, and fees and service revenues are expected to positively impact revenues [7] - The personal auto business is projected to benefit from increased advertising, competitively priced products, and agency incentive programs [9] - The consensus estimate for net investment income is $914 million, up 23.5% year-over-year [10] Expense and Underwriting Insights - The consensus mark for the expense ratio is pegged at 29.8, indicating increased expenses due to higher loss and loss-adjustment expenses [11] - The combined ratio is expected to improve, with a consensus mark of 77, benefiting from prudent underwriting and the absence of catastrophic events [11]