Summary of Aurora Innovation FY Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Aurora Innovation (NasdaqGS:AUR) - **Industry**: Autonomous trucking - **Market Cap**: Approximately $10 billion, recently approaching $11 billion [1][4] Core Points and Arguments - **Mission Statement**: Aurora aims to deliver self-driving technology benefits safely and broadly, emphasizing their unique position as the only company operating driverless trucks on public roads in the trucking sector [4][5] - **Operational Milestones**: Aurora has successfully completed over 50,000 miles of driverless operations, expanding from daytime to nighttime operations and planning to operate in rain conditions [4][7][13] - **Market Potential**: The trucking industry is valued at $1 trillion, with 200 billion vehicle miles traveled (VMT) annually, indicating significant growth potential for Aurora's technology [5][43] - **Partnership Ecosystem**: Aurora has established partnerships with major OEMs like PACCAR and Volvo Trucks, as well as customers such as FedEx and Uber Freight, which are critical for scaling their business [5][6][44] - **Financial Position**: As of the last quarter, Aurora reported $1.3 billion in cash and short-term investments, expected to sustain operations until at least Q2 2027 [6][7] Future Plans and Scalability - **Technology Validation**: The remainder of 2025 will focus on proving the technology's viability, with plans to introduce second and third-generation hardware in 2026 and 2027 [6][7][34] - **Expansion Timeline**: Aurora anticipates operating throughout the Sun Belt by 2026, leveraging the self-similarity of the U.S. highway system to facilitate rapid scaling [34][36] - **Regulatory Environment**: Currently, 39 states allow driverless operations, with a positive federal sentiment towards technology leadership, which supports Aurora's expansion plans [69] Competitive Landscape - **Market Position**: Aurora believes it has a multi-year lead in the autonomous trucking space, focusing on long-term commercialization rather than just technological milestones [44][62] - **Industry Structure by 2030**: The expectation is for a competitive landscape with multiple players, but Aurora aims to be a leader in integrating with partners and providing a safe, efficient product [43][44] Challenges and Considerations - **Skepticism in the Industry**: There is skepticism among traditional carriers regarding autonomous trucking, necessitating a focus on education and demonstration of value [54][58] - **Observer Requirement**: Currently, a front-seat observer is present during driverless operations at the request of PACCAR, but Aurora emphasizes that the system is designed to operate independently [19][66] Additional Insights - **Learning and Adaptation**: Continuous learning from operational experiences is crucial for improving the technology and ensuring safety [18][54] - **Future Market Entry**: Aurora plans to enter the robotaxi market once it achieves sufficient scale and cost efficiency in its trucking operations, likely not before 2027 [45][46] This summary encapsulates the key points discussed during the Aurora Innovation FY Conference Call, highlighting the company's current status, future plans, and the broader context of the autonomous trucking industry.

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Revenue for Q2 2026 was $10,250,000,000, representing a 10% increase year over year and a 9% increase in constant currency [7][44] - Non-GAAP operating margin was strong at 34.3%, with CRPO at $29,400,000,000, up 11% year over year [7][45] - Operating cash flow is expected to reach nearly $15,000,000,000, with a guidance increase for fiscal year 2026 revenue to $41,100,000,000 to $41,300,000, reflecting growth of approximately 8.5% to 9% year over year [7][53] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - AI and data product line saw a remarkable 120% year-over-year growth [7] - Net new bookings from deals over $1,000,000 grew 26% year over year, indicating strong sales momentum [7] - Subscription and support revenue grew slightly above 9% in constant currency, driven by strong execution [44][45] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Strong new business growth was observed in the U.S. and pockets of EMEA, particularly in The Netherlands and Switzerland, while The UK and Japan faced constraints [46] - Technology and communications sectors performed well, while retail, consumer goods, and public sector remained measured [46] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on the concept of the "agentic enterprise," which emphasizes the integration of AI and human collaboration to transform business operations [8][12] - Strategic priorities include delivering customer success, accelerating data and AI adoption, and maintaining a responsible capital allocation strategy [47][51] - The company is expanding its offerings in the public sector and launching a new IT service platform, AgenTeq, to enhance operational efficiency [28][32] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the transformative potential of AI and the agentic enterprise, stating that this is a pivotal moment in the industry [10][37] - The company anticipates a record year and is raising guidance based on strong performance and customer demand [7][53] - Management highlighted the importance of Data Cloud as a strategic asset for future growth, with significant customer adoption [25][24] Other Important Information - The company returned $2,600,000,000 to shareholders through buybacks and dividends in Q2, with a total of nearly $27,000,000,000 returned since the program began [52] - The company is actively pursuing acquisitions to enhance its capabilities, including recent deals with Convergence.ai and Bluebirds [51] Q&A Session Summary Question: How defensible is SaaS against disruption from AI-native apps? - Management acknowledged the transformation in the software industry driven by AI, emphasizing that Salesforce has been integrating AI for over a decade and is well-positioned to extend its SaaS offerings [60][66] Question: What caused the 60% increase in pilot to production conversions? - Management indicated that close collaboration with customers and enhancements in product features have facilitated faster transitions from pilot to production [74][76] Question: What does a production deal look like around AgentForce? - Management highlighted that successful production deals involve leveraging Data Cloud and integrating various systems to enhance customer interactions and operational efficiency [82][85]

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - **Industry**: Greater China Technology Hardware - **Region**: Asia Pacific - **Industry View**: In-Line [4][6] Core Insights - **Voltronics**: - Plans to extend EV charging facilities expertise to offer HVDC (800V) power solutions for data centers [6] - Anticipates strong demand for HVDC power architecture to support AI computing, particularly for NVDA Rubin Ultra platform starting in 2H27 [6] - Power Supply Units (PSUs) will be upgraded to 18-30kW with three-phase AC input and outputs of +800V DC (NVDA) and ±400V DC (non-NVDA) [6] - **TECO**: - Collaborating with Hon Hai to provide new power solutions for data centers, aiming to expand into the US and Middle East markets [6] - Expects an 8-10% price increase for power products due to tariffs, with ~50% of the tariff costs passed to customers [6] - Emphasizes the need for US production of certain power products, including busways and junction boxes [6] - **Delta Electronics**: - Expected to benefit from upgrades in power solutions and data center infrastructure development [6] Market Demand and Trends - **UPS Demand**: - Significant demand for large-scale, online UPS systems exceeding 20kW, with leading vendors like Schneider and Eaton experiencing two-year order backlogs [6] - This backlog suggests potential business overflow to outsourcing partners and tier-two vendors [6] - **Cost Structure**: - Data center white space (IT equipment) constitutes ~60% of total construction costs, while power facilities in gray space account for an additional 25-30% [6] - Proven delivery capabilities and multiple production bases globally (US, China, Southeast Asia) could lead to a 30% savings in time to market for data center infrastructure projects [6] Risks and Considerations - **Upside Risks**: - Faster-than-expected global economic growth and falling raw material prices could improve margins [9] - **Downside Risks**: - Global economic slowdown, ongoing component supply tightness, rising raw material prices, and potential margin contraction due to higher operating expenses or faster average selling price (ASP) erosion [9] Valuation Methodology - **Delta Electronics Inc.**: - Base case valuation using residual income methodology with key assumptions including a cost of equity of 8%, medium-term growth rate of 14%, and terminal growth rate of 3% [7] Additional Insights - **Production and Tariffs**: - TECO's strategy includes producing certain power products in the US to mitigate tariff impacts [6] - **Investment Banking Relationships**: - Morgan Stanley has investment banking relationships with several companies in the technology hardware sector, which may influence research objectivity [4][16][18] This summary encapsulates the critical insights and data from the conference call, highlighting the strategic directions of key players in the Greater China Technology Hardware industry and the associated market dynamics.

Market Overview - The smart environmental monitoring system market is categorized into various product types and applications, including power system monitoring, environmental system monitoring, cooling system monitoring, and others [2][3] - The market is expected to show significant growth trends from 2020 to 2031, with specific CAGR projections for different product types and applications [4][5] Industry Development Status - The report analyzes the overall development of the smart environmental monitoring system industry during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, highlighting key characteristics and barriers to entry [3][4] - It provides a forecast for the global and Chinese market sizes from 2020 to 2031, indicating China's market share in the global context [3][4] Competitive Landscape - The analysis includes revenue trends and market share of major global manufacturers from 2020 to 2025, identifying the top players and their market positions in 2024 [3][4][5] - A SWOT analysis of Chinese companies in the smart environmental monitoring system sector is also included, assessing their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats [4][5] Product and Application Analysis - The report details the overall market size for different product types and applications, with forecasts extending to 2031 [4][5] - It highlights the growth trends and market shares for various applications, including 5G, industrial internet, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence [3][4] Industry Opportunities and Risks - The report discusses the driving factors for the industry's growth, as well as potential risks and policy analyses affecting the smart environmental monitoring system sector [4][5][10] Supply Chain Analysis - An overview of the industry supply chain is provided, detailing the main raw materials, suppliers, and downstream customers involved in the smart environmental monitoring system market [4][5]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Total revenues for Q2 were $364 million, up 10% year over year on a reported basis and 9% on a constant currency basis [27] - Subscription revenues now represent 92% of total revenues, up two percentage points from the same period last year, with subscription revenues growing 12% year over year [28] - Free cash flow was $57 million for the quarter and $273 million year to date, with an increased full-year free cash flow outlook raised to a range of $430 to $470 million [34][36] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - ARR grew 11.5% year over year, with a net revenue retention rate of 109% [18][31] - The fastest-growing sector was Resources, particularly driven by mining, which outpaced civil for the first time in six quarters [19] - Perpetual license revenues for the quarter were $10 million, down $1 million year over year, making up only 3% of total revenues [28] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Growth in the Americas was solid, with Latin America standing out, while the US accounts remained confident despite uncertainties [21] - EMEA delivered solid growth, with the Middle East leading, and investment remains strong across various infrastructure sectors [22] - In Asia Pacific, India showed positive sentiment, while Australia experienced a slowdown in transportation spending [24] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on going digital as a long-term growth driver, emphasizing the need for enhanced software utilization and AI [5] - The acquisition strategy is now focused on asset analytics opportunities rather than broad programmatic acquisitions [69] - The integration of Cesium and AI capabilities is a priority, with ongoing developments expected to enhance product offerings [66][90] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in meeting full-year outlook based on low double-digit ARR growth and continued margin expansion [17] - The demand for better infrastructure continues to outpace available engineering resources, positioning the company favorably [17][41] - The company anticipates a favorable impact from recent legislative changes regarding infrastructure investment [21][23] Other Important Information - The company highlighted the success of its first Cesium Data conference, showcasing its 3D geospatial platform and integration with existing products [25] - The company is well-positioned to support major infrastructure projects tied to upcoming events like the 2032 Brisbane Olympics [24] Q&A Session Summary Question: Inquiry about macroeconomic conditions and SMB strength - Management noted a consistent environment with strong investment in infrastructure, despite tariff uncertainties [39][40] Question: Addressing the long tail of engineers and product offerings - The company confirmed it has a full range of products to address various market segments, with MicroStation being a key entry point for new users [43][44] Question: Data center opportunity and partnerships - Management discussed the infrastructure needs surrounding data centers and the potential for partnerships with hyperscalers [47][49] Question: Clarification on free cash flow guidance - The company confirmed that the increase in free cash flow guidance is due to tax benefits and will provide multiple years of benefits [53][54] Question: Development priorities and R&D hiring trends - The focus is on AI and Cesium integration, with a strategic approach to hiring in R&D to support these initiatives [61][66] Question: Drivers of slight downtick in net revenue retention - Management explained that the NRR is stable and influenced by pricing and consumption factors, with China’s impact noted [81][85]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Q2 2025 revenues were $14.5 million, in line with guidance despite industry headwinds [5][26] - Gross margin improved to 38.5% from 38.1% in Q1 2025, attributed to a favorable product mix [27] - Operating loss decreased sequentially to $10.6 million from $11.8 million in Q1 2025 [27][30] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Revenue decline primarily due to lower sales in the China EV and industrial markets as semiconductor customers await better economic indicators [26] - Operating expenses reduced sequentially from $17.2 million to $16.1 million, with SG&A expenses down by 17% [27] - Inventory decreased to $15.1 million from $16.1 million in Q1 2025, with a $3 million reserve taken for China SiC inventory [28] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The semiconductor industry is experiencing a downturn, particularly affecting solar, industrial, and EV sectors [5] - The transition to AI data centers is seen as a significant opportunity, with expectations of a $2.6 billion annual market by 2030 for gallium nitride and silicon carbide [24][14] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is shifting focus towards AI data centers and energy infrastructure, reducing emphasis on lower-margin mobile applications [9][31] - A new partnership with PowerChip aims to enhance manufacturing capabilities, transitioning to an 8-inch low-cost platform [7][8] - The company plans to maintain operating expenses at or below current levels while investing in AI data centers [9] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management acknowledges ongoing industry headwinds but believes strategic investments will position the company for significant growth in AI data centers [24][31] - The transition period may result in softer revenue in the near term, but is expected to set the stage for growth in 2026 and beyond [35][36] - Management expects gross margins to remain flat in the near term, with improvements tied to revenue inflection points [86] Other Important Information - The company raised nearly $100 million in new capital during Q2 2025 to support growth plans [7] - Cash and cash equivalents at the end of Q2 2025 were $161 million, with no debt [30] Q&A Session Summary Question: Revenue expectations during the transition - Management expects softer quarters in the near term as the company reduces dependency on mobile while layering in new design wins [35][36] Question: Margin structure for future business - Management anticipates long-term gross margins north of 50%, driven by high-value markets in AI data centers [39][40] Question: Impact of mobile business transition - The company is focusing on higher-margin ultrafast chargers while reducing exposure to lower-margin products [43][45] Question: Supply chain and inventory during transition - Management confirmed no supply issues, with TSMC committed to a two-year supply, ensuring a smooth transition to PowerChip [55][56] Question: Engagement with data center customers post-NVIDIA announcement - The NVIDIA partnership has opened doors for engagement with other data center customers, enhancing market opportunities [62] Question: Competition and market positioning - The company believes it has a competitive edge due to its range of products and focus on high efficiency and high density technologies [68][70] Question: Design wins and cash flow expectations - Management expects to see design wins ramping up in 2026, with operating cash flow usage projected at $10 million to $11 million going forward [77][78]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Q2 2025 revenues were $14.5 million, in line with guidance despite industry headwinds [6][26] - Gross margin improved to 38.5% from 38.1% in Q1 2025, attributed to a favorable product mix [27] - Operating expenses decreased sequentially from $17.2 million to $16.1 million, with SG&A expenses down 17% [27][30] - Loss from operations improved to $10.6 million from $11.8 million in Q1 2025 [27] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company is shifting focus from mainstream price-sensitive applications to high-end performance applications in mobile consumer and appliance sectors [9] - The transition to PowerChip's eight-inch manufacturing platform is expected to yield higher gross margins and better price points for customers [8][9] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The semiconductor industry is experiencing a downturn, particularly in the solar, industrial, and EV sectors, exacerbated by tariff conflicts and the removal of tax credits [6] - The AI data center market is projected to grow significantly, with power consumption expected to increase from 7 gigawatts in 2023 to over 70 gigawatts by 2030 [10][11] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is investing in AI data centers, aiming to establish a leadership position in this emerging market [7][24] - A strategic decision was made to reduce focus on lower-margin mobile business while increasing investments in AI data centers and energy infrastructure [31][32] - The company anticipates a significant market opportunity of $2.6 billion per year by 2030 in AI data centers and related energy infrastructure [22] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management acknowledged short-term headwinds but expressed confidence in long-term growth potential driven by AI data centers [24][31] - The transition to AI data centers is expected to take multiple quarters, with a focus on maintaining spending discipline [31][32] - Management expects revenue to decline to approximately $10 million in Q3 2025 due to tariff risks and strategic decisions [30][31] Other Important Information - The company raised nearly $100 million in new capital during Q2 2025 to support growth plans [7] - Cash and cash equivalents at the end of Q2 2025 were $161 million, with no debt [30] Q&A Session Summary Question: Revenue expectations during the transition period - Management indicated that revenues may soften in the near term due to reduced dependency on mobile, but new design wins will help offset this in the future [35][36] Question: Margin structure in the AI data center market - Management expects long-term gross margins to exceed 50%, driven by high-value markets focused on performance and efficiency [39][41] Question: Impact of mobile business transition on revenue - The company is refocusing on higher-margin ultra-fast chargers while reducing exposure to lower-margin products, which may lead to a decrease in revenue but is expected to be offset by AI data center growth [44][46] Question: Supply chain and inventory during the transition to PowerChip - Management confirmed no supply issues and that TSMC will provide a two-year supply, ensuring a smooth transition to PowerChip [56][58] Question: Drivers for expected decline in Q3 revenue - The decline is attributed to tariff impacts, reduced mobile dependency, and a slowdown in new design wins [61][63] Question: Engagement with other data center customers post-NVIDIA announcement - The NVIDIA partnership has opened doors for engagement with other data center customers, although the focus will remain on NVIDIA for the foreseeable future [65] Question: Competition in the AI data center market - The company believes it has a competitive edge due to its range of products and focus on high efficiency and reliability [70][72]

Core Insights - Aurora Innovation has officially commenced revenue-generating commercial driverless trucking in the U.S., achieving GAAP revenue of $1 million in Q2 2025, surpassing analyst estimates of $0.5 million [1][5] - The company reported significant operational milestones, including logging over 20,000 driverless miles and maintaining nearly 100% on-time delivery with zero collisions attributed to the Aurora Driver [7][9] Financial Performance - Q2 2025 GAAP revenue was $1 million, compared to $0 million in Q2 2024, marking a year-over-year increase [2] - GAAP loss per share improved slightly to $(0.11) from $(0.12) year-over-year [6] - Adjusted EBITDA widened to $(170 million) in Q2 2025, while operating losses increased to $(230 million) from $(198 million) year-over-year [6] Operational Highlights - The company launched its first driverless trucks for commercial service in late April 2025, servicing major clients such as FedEx and Uber Freight [5][10] - Aurora's operational strategy includes a phased commercialization approach, focusing on proving system reliability and expanding operational domains [4][11] Strategic Partnerships - Aurora has established key partnerships with logistics platforms and manufacturers, including Uber Freight and Volvo, to enhance its operational capabilities [10] - The company is actively supporting legislative efforts like the AMERICA DRIVES Act to facilitate wider deployment of autonomous trucking [11] Future Outlook - For FY2025, Aurora projects mid-single-digit millions in total GAAP revenue, with cash usage expected to rise to a quarterly run rate of $175–185 million [13][14] - The company anticipates needing $650–850 million in additional capital before reaching break-even, expected in 2028 [14]

Summary of Powell Industries Conference Call Company Overview - Powell Industries is a manufacturer of products that manage and control the flow of electricity in medium to large facilities, primarily in the oil and gas sector, which accounts for approximately 50% of its backlog and revenue [5][33] - The company operates seven manufacturing facilities, six in the US and Canada, and one in the UK [4] Core Business Insights - Powell is expanding into the utility market in the US, Canada, and the UK, with a growing focus on commercial and industrial sectors, which currently represent 15% of revenue [6] - The company specializes in engineered-to-order products, with a focus on complex projects that require significant engineering expertise [10] - Powell's market focus is on utility-scale distribution, handling voltages from 480 to 38,000 volts [9] Financial Performance - Powell reported a strong financial position with $389 million in cash, with 50% allocated to working capital [26] - The company has nearly doubled its revenue over the last five years, achieving $520 million in the first half of the fiscal year with a gross profit margin of 27.5% [28] - The backlog at the end of fiscal 2023 was $1.3 billion, with a 20% increase in orders and a 16% growth in revenue [31] Market Trends and Opportunities - The utility sector has become a significant growth area, representing 29% of the backlog, with expectations for continued growth [34] - Powell is exploring opportunities in battery storage and energy storage projects, although the market is still developing [40][41] - The company is also focusing on the data center market, which has seen increased demand, particularly for medium voltage solutions [50] Competitive Landscape - Powell competes with major players like ABB, Eaton, Schneider, and Siemens, but differentiates itself through its fully integrated manufacturing process and local market knowledge [21][22] - The company is the only US-based publicly traded manufacturer in its sector, which provides a unique competitive advantage [21] Strategic Initiatives - Powell is investing in research and development, having doubled its R&D spending over the last couple of years, and has launched three new products recently [27] - The company aims to enhance its service offerings beyond installation and commissioning, focusing on operational excellence and automation to address the shortage of electrical engineers [24][25] Operational Considerations - Powell is currently operating at about 85% capacity and is exploring ways to improve productivity through technology and engineering partnerships [58][59] - The company has plans to expand its facilities if demand continues to grow, particularly in the utility and data center sectors [52][60] Conclusion - Powell Industries is well-positioned for future growth, leveraging its strong financial position, expanding into new markets, and focusing on innovation and operational efficiency to meet increasing demand in the energy sector [61][62]

Vertiv (VRT) 2025 Conference Summary Industry Overview - The discussion primarily revolves around the **data center cooling industry**, specifically focusing on **liquid cooling** and **thermal management** solutions. Key Points and Arguments Liquid Cooling Market - Vertiv holds a **20-25% market share** in air cooling and aims to maintain or exceed this share in the liquid cooling segment despite increased competition from new entrants like CoolIT, Nidec, and Schneider [4][5][6] - The company anticipates **consolidation** in the liquid cooling market, similar to historical trends in the data center space, and believes its **innovation, technology, and service capabilities** will provide a competitive edge [6][6] - Vertiv projects that liquid cooling will represent about **one-third of the total cooling market** for data centers in the medium to long term, indicating a significant growth trajectory [19][19] Partnership with NVIDIA - The partnership with NVIDIA is viewed as a **mutual benefit**, enhancing Vertiv's position in the digital critical infrastructure market rather than a competitive barrier [10][12] - The collaboration is expected to facilitate the development of integrated power and cooling solutions, which are increasingly demanded as **IT densification** rises [14][15] Growth and Capacity Expansion - Vertiv's cooling capacity grew by **45% in 2024**, with plans for continued expansion in 2025 to meet regional demands [18][18] - The company is focusing on **geographical expansion** and ensuring sufficient capacity to accommodate industry growth dynamics [18][18] Integrated Solutions - The company emphasizes the importance of **integrated solutions** in addressing the complexities of modern data centers, which require a holistic approach to power and cooling [15][16] - Vertiv is enhancing its **infrastructure solutions** to optimize customer offerings and streamline delivery processes [16][17] Prefabricated Components - Prefabricated components are a growing segment, with liquid cooling and prefabrication driving significant growth acceleration [24][26] - While currently a small portion of revenue, the potential for prefabrication to expand is recognized as part of the broader long-term strategy [24][26] Service Revenue Growth - Vertiv is expanding its service offerings beyond traditional UPS services to include **liquid cooling services**, which are critical for the performance of high-density data center equipment [27][30] - The company sees **project services** as a competitive advantage, supporting medium to large projects throughout the installation and commissioning process [33][33] Supply Chain Resilience - The company has been working on enhancing the **resilience of its supply chain** post-COVID, adjusting manufacturing footprints and supplier relationships in response to global trade dynamics [57][58] - Vertiv is focused on regional manufacturing to mitigate risks associated with tariffs and supply chain disruptions [58][58] Market Dynamics and Customer Engagement - Conversations with traditional colocation companies focus on **capacity planning** and infrastructure design for future needs, highlighting Vertiv's role as an industry thought leader [61][62] - The company maintains a broad customer base, with no significant increase in customer concentration despite the rise of hyperscalers [63][63] Competitive Landscape in China - The competitive landscape in China is described as **intense**, with dynamics similar to the rest of Asia, but Vertiv leverages its global experience and efficiency focus to navigate this market [64][65] Additional Important Insights - The integration of cooling and power solutions is becoming increasingly critical as data center architectures evolve to support higher rack densities [14][15] - The company is exploring new service opportunities as the industry shifts towards higher voltage systems, indicating a proactive approach to emerging trends [42][42]