2025 年 8 月 6 日上午 10:00，未来科学大奖在北京、香港两地共同举办 2025 未来科学大奖新闻发布会，正式揭晓 2025 年" 生命科学奖 "、" 物质科学奖 "、" 数学与计算机科学奖 "获奖名单，每项奖金为 等值100万美元的 人民币。 撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 生命科学奖获奖者： 季强 、 徐星 、 周忠和 GEF Qiang JI 2025未来科学大奖 生命科学奖获奖者 获奖评语: 表彰他们发现了鸟类起源于恐龙的化石证据。 www.futureprize.org 未来科学大奖2025 FUTURE SCIENCE PRIZE 2025 LIF 获奖评语: 表彰他们发现了鸟类起源于恐龙的化石证据。 www.futureprize.org 未来科学大奖2025 FUTURE SCIENCE PRIZE PE Xing XU 2025未来科学大奖 生命科学奖获奖者 获奖评语: 表彰他们发现了鸟类起源于恐龙的化石证据。 基于哈尔滨古人类头骨化石的复原图 历届获奖人 2016 年至今，未来科学大奖共评选出 39 位获奖者，获得了国内外科学界和社会民众的广泛认可。他们分别是： 生命科 ...

Core Viewpoint - The recent research confirms that the "Longren" fossil, discovered in Harbin, China, is a member of the Denisovan lineage, providing significant insights into the morphology and distribution of Denisovans in East Asia, thus addressing a long-standing mystery in paleoanthropology [1][5][10]. Group 1: Research Findings - The "Longren" fossil, dated to at least 146,000 years ago, has been identified as belonging to the Denisovan group, which suggests a broader distribution of Denisovans across Asia [2][5]. - The study utilized advanced techniques in ancient protein and DNA analysis, achieving the highest quality ancient human protein data to date, identifying 95 endogenous proteins from the "Longren" fossil [6][9]. - The research established a direct link between the morphology of the "Longren" fossil and molecular evidence of Denisovans, marking a significant breakthrough in understanding the physical characteristics of this ancient human group [4][10]. Group 2: Methodological Innovations - The research team developed an automated system for ancient protein identification, which allowed for the analysis of a large number of peptide sequences, significantly enhancing the understanding of ancient human protein groups [6][9]. - Innovative extraction methods for ancient DNA from dental calculus were employed, enabling the successful retrieval of Denisovan-specific DNA from extremely small samples [6][9]. - The study's methodologies provide a new framework for future research on ancient human fossils, particularly in linking morphological and genetic data [10]. Group 3: Implications for Future Research - The findings open new avenues for exploring the interactions between Denisovans and other ancient human populations in East Asia, raising questions about their migration patterns and genetic contributions to modern populations [10]. - The research serves as a model for future studies aiming to connect complete fossil morphology with molecular evidence, which could further elucidate the diversity and evolutionary history of Denisovans and their relation to contemporary human groups [10].

Core Viewpoint - The discovery of the Harbin cranium, a well-preserved ancient human fossil, has led to the identification of a potential new hominin lineage named "Dragon Man" (Homo longi), sparking debates in the academic community regarding its classification and relationship with Denisovans [2][4][5]. Group 1: Discovery and Significance - The Harbin cranium is one of the most complete ancient human fossils discovered to date, with uranium-series dating indicating it is no younger than 146,000 years [2]. - The research published in The Innovation journal suggests that the cranium represents a new hominin lineage, "Dragon Man" [2]. - The cranium's discovery and subsequent research provide critical insights into the diversity and evolutionary history of ancient humans in East Asia [7][14]. Group 2: Controversy and Research Findings - There is ongoing debate in the academic community regarding the classification of "Dragon Man," with some researchers suggesting it may belong to the Denisovan lineage due to morphological similarities [4][5]. - The Denisovans are an extinct group identified through genetic evidence, with existing remains being fragmentary and lacking complete morphological features [5]. - Recent ancient DNA studies have provided key insights into the genetic affiliation of the Harbin individual, linking it to the Denisovan lineage and suggesting a close relationship with early Denisovans from Siberia [11][14]. Group 3: Methodology and Technological Advances - The research team successfully extracted ancient DNA from dental calculus of the Harbin cranium, marking a significant advancement in the study of ancient human genetics [6][10]. - The study involved optimizing extraction methods and developing bioinformatics techniques to analyze ancient DNA, overcoming challenges associated with contamination and degradation [10][11]. - The findings highlight the potential of dental calculus as a valuable source for ancient DNA, paving the way for future research in the field [14].

Core Insights - The Southeast Asia Genome Project has created the most comprehensive dataset of genomic variations in Southeast Asian populations, filling a critical gap in global genomic research [1][14] - The project utilizes advanced sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools to analyze and compare human genes, addressing previous criticisms regarding the limited number of loci in molecular biology methods [3][4] - The findings from the project indicate significant genetic contributions from Denisovans to modern human populations in Southeast Asia, highlighting the complex evolutionary history of human beings [5][12] Group 1: Technological Advancements - The project employs second and third-generation sequencing technologies for comprehensive genome coverage, effectively dispelling concerns about insufficient loci [3] - A suite of bioinformatics tools is used to identify and analyze genetic variations, allowing for statistical analysis of frequency and genetic similarity among populations [3][4] Group 2: Evolutionary Insights - The Southeast Asia Genome Project has revealed evidence of multiple gene flow events from Denisovans into indigenous Southeast Asian populations, suggesting a close relationship between Denisovans and modern humans [5][12] - The project challenges previous assumptions about molecular clock hypotheses, indicating that genetic variation rates can differ and that some genetic lineages may disappear due to genetic drift [4][12] Group 3: Historical Context - The research highlights the historical neglect of Asian populations in genomic studies, emphasizing the importance of Southeast Asia as a key region in the migration routes of early modern humans [14] - The genetic diversity found in Southeast Asian populations provides critical insights into potential disease-related genetic markers relevant to East Asian populations [14]