Core Insights - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine metabolic disorder affecting women, with an incidence rate of approximately 5%-10% in China [1][2][3] - The clinical manifestations of PCOS include menstrual irregularities, infertility, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian changes, significantly impacting women's quality of life and long-term health [1][4] Diagnosis and Symptoms - PCOS symptoms can vary widely, making self-diagnosis difficult; many patients may not recognize their condition until years later [2][3] - The Rotterdam criteria from 2003 are used for diagnosis, requiring two of the following three criteria: anovulation or irregular menstruation, clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology [3][4] Causes and Risk Factors - The exact cause of PCOS is unclear, but it is associated with genetic and environmental factors, including high-fat and high-sugar diets and insulin resistance [4][5] - There is a misconception that treatment is unnecessary if pregnancy is not desired; however, PCOS can lead to various health issues beyond infertility, including increased risks of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and endometrial cancer [4][5] Treatment and Management - PCOS is not curable but can be managed through lifestyle changes and appropriate medical treatment to minimize symptoms [5][6] - Initial management typically involves lifestyle interventions, and if necessary, hormonal treatments such as oral contraceptives may be prescribed to regulate menstrual cycles and manage symptoms [5][6] - Regular monitoring of blood sugar and lipid levels is essential for managing the metabolic aspects of PCOS [6][7] Psychological and Preventive Measures - Mental health is crucial in managing PCOS; stress and anxiety can exacerbate hormonal imbalances, creating a vicious cycle [7] - Women of reproductive age should maintain a healthy diet and exercise regularly to prevent the onset of PCOS and manage existing conditions effectively [7][8]

Core Viewpoint - Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease that poses significant health risks, including the development of various serious chronic diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke. The perception of obesity as merely a personal behavior issue is misleading, as societal changes have contributed to a rapid increase in obesity rates in China, making it the country with the fastest-growing prevalence of overweight and obesity globally [3][4]. Summary by Sections Understanding Obesity - Obesity is not just a simple condition but a complex health issue with various classifications based on genetic, metabolic, and anatomical factors. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity with a BMI threshold of ≥30.0 kg/m², while Chinese guidelines set it at ≥28 kg/m². This classification reflects the need for a nuanced understanding of obesity beyond mere weight [5][6]. Health Risks Associated with Obesity - Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and can lead to a reduction in life expectancy by 6 to 14 years. The healthy BMI range for adults is defined as 18.5-23.9 kg/m², and exceeding this range indicates potential health risks [4][5]. Types of Obesity - Obesity can be categorized into various types, including genetic obesity, acquired obesity, central obesity, and peripheral obesity. The modern classification emphasizes clinical practicality, distinguishing between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity, and recognizing the importance of identifying underlying pathological factors [5][6]. Specific Conditions Related to Obesity - **Hypothyroidism**: Often goes unnoticed due to its subtle symptoms, which include weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance. Early recognition is crucial for effective management [6]. - **Cushing's Syndrome**: Characterized by excessive cortisol levels, leading to central obesity and other systemic complications. Early identification of its clinical features is vital for timely treatment [9][10]. - **Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)**: A prevalent endocrine disorder among women in China, with a high incidence of hyperandrogenism, leading to abdominal obesity and insulin resistance [11][12]. - **Genetic Obesity**: Rare but significant, often linked to specific genetic mutations affecting energy metabolism. Early diagnosis through genetic testing can guide treatment [12][14]. Contributing Factors to Obesity - **Medication-Induced Obesity**: Certain medications, including those for diabetes and psychiatric conditions, can lead to weight gain. Identifying these medications is essential for effective weight management [17]. - **Psychological Factors**: Increased anxiety and stress in modern society contribute to unhealthy eating behaviors and sedentary lifestyles, exacerbating obesity [18]. - **Gonadal Dysfunction**: Can lead to complex clinical presentations, including obesity, and requires careful evaluation for effective management [19]. Conclusion - Recognizing obesity as a chronic condition requiring long-term management is essential. Understanding the multifaceted causes of obesity can help in developing targeted interventions to prevent related complications and promote healthier lifestyles [20].