Core Viewpoint - The article introduces ToolVQA, a large-scale multimodal dataset designed to enhance the tool usage capabilities of foundational models in multi-step reasoning visual question answering (VQA) tasks, addressing the significant performance gap in real-world applications [2][3][7]. Summary by Sections Dataset Overview - ToolVQA contains 23,655 samples, featuring real image scenes and implicit multi-step reasoning tasks, closely aligned with actual user interaction needs [3][22]. - The dataset includes 10 types of multimodal tools and 7 task domains, with an average of 2.78 reasoning steps per sample [3][22]. Data Generation Process - The dataset is generated using a novel data construction process called ToolEngine, which employs depth-first search (DFS) and dynamic context example matching to simulate human-like tool usage reasoning chains [3][15][18]. - ToolEngine allows for fully automated generation of high-quality VQA instances from a single image input, significantly reducing data costs and enabling scalability [15][18]. Key Features of ToolVQA - The dataset features complex visual scenes with real-world context and challenging queries requiring implicit multi-step reasoning [13][15]. - Each question necessitates the model to autonomously plan the order of tool calls through multiple interactions, rather than being explicitly prompted [15][20]. - ToolVQA encompasses a rich variety of tools, supporting tasks from text extraction to image understanding and numerical calculations [15][22]. Model Performance - Fine-tuning on ToolVQA significantly enhances model performance, with the 7B model outperforming the closed-source GPT-3.5-turbo on multiple evaluation metrics [3][24]. - The fine-tuned model also demonstrates strong generalization capabilities on out-of-distribution datasets, surpassing GPT-3.5-turbo in various benchmarks [24][25]. Error Analysis - Despite improvements, the analysis of 100 failure cases reveals key bottlenecks in parameter prediction and answer integration, indicating that early errors can lead to cumulative failures in multi-step reasoning tasks [27][28]. - The findings highlight the need for enhanced robustness in models when dealing with dynamic feedback and intermediate information integration [28]. Conclusion - ToolVQA establishes a new benchmark for multi-step tool reasoning tasks, providing a structured framework for training and evaluating models' reasoning and tool understanding capabilities [31].