Group 1 - Carlo Ginzburg, an Italian historian, is renowned for his microhistorical research, aiming to bridge the gap between historical truth and narrative [1] - Ginzburg's recent work, "Clues and Traces," reflects on his academic journey and the influence of novelists like Tolstoy and Calvino on his approach to history [3][4] - The discussion around the relationship between microhistory and macrohistory has gained traction, highlighting the challenges historians face in capturing the complexity of historical events [6][8] Group 2 - Ginzburg emphasizes the importance of deeply engaging with texts to reveal uncontrolled voices and suggests that truth is a destination rather than a starting point [1][3] - The narrative approach in microhistory allows for the inclusion of uncertainties and interpretations of incomplete truths, contrasting with traditional historical narratives [4][6] - The interplay between individual experiences and broader historical contexts is crucial, as illustrated by the works of Tolstoy, who reconstructs historical phenomena through the actions of all participants [5][9] Group 3 - The microhistorical approach in Italy focuses on both established themes and previously overlooked subjects, emphasizing the significance of context in historical research [28][29] - Ginzburg's reflections indicate that microhistory is not merely a collection of isolated studies but a method that challenges conventional historical narratives [27][30] - The unique characteristics of Italian microhistory lie in its commitment to exploring the implications of historical limitations and the complexities of individual narratives [20][31]

在大量使用阿拉伯语史料、主要关注阿拉伯行省的奥斯曼史研究当中，家族史始终是一个占据着重要地位，而且 备受历史学家青睐的题材。比如，穆哈迈德·瓦尔迪 （M'hamed Oualdi） 在 《帝国之间的奴隶：一部北非的跨帝 国史》（A Slave Between Empires: A Transimperial History of North Africa，New York: Columbia University Press， 2020）一书中，以一桩家族遗产的纠纷案件为核心，揭示了不同行为主体如何在北非殖民体系下的"多重法律空 间"中灵活运作，主张自己的财产权利。简·海瑟薇（Jane Hathaway）的研究聚焦于埃及地区的卡兹达勒家族 （Qazdağlıs），重点探讨该家族如何借助禁卫军等级体系、政治联姻、商业网络以及与宫廷太监的联盟等手段巩 固其权力与地位。海瑟薇指出，以卡兹达勒为代表的政治家族并不是马穆鲁克时代的重现，而是一个具有鲜明"奥 斯曼特质"的历史现象；广泛的精英联系对于维护、延续一个家族起到了至关重要的作用（The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egyp ...