Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of unifying instruction set architecture (ISA) for the development of domestic computing chips in China, suggesting that RISC-V should be adopted as the standard ISA to enhance innovation and resource efficiency in chip development [6][14][36]. Group 1: Evolution of Chip Architecture - Over the past 40 years, processor chips have undergone a "negation of negation" spiral development path, with a recent trend of manufacturers re-entering the chip development arena, shifting from homogeneous computing systems centered on CPUs to heterogeneous computing involving CPUs and xPUs [6][7]. - The article discusses the historical evolution of computing architectures, highlighting the dominance of x86 and ARM architectures in the market, and the decline of many innovative architectures due to economic factors and ecosystem dominance [11][12][13][14]. Group 2: Challenges in Chip Development - Key challenges in the "chip war" include the level of innovation in xPU architecture, the sustainability of innovation, the ability to scale applications, and the costs associated with ecosystem innovation [7][15]. - The article points out that the economic scale and ecosystem costs are critical determinants of architecture viability, with software development costs significantly outweighing hardware costs, making it difficult for new architectures to gain traction [20][21]. Group 3: Future of Computing Chips - The article predicts that x86 CPUs will continue to dominate the server market for the foreseeable future, while ARM has potential to disrupt the x86 monopoly, particularly in cloud services and mobile applications [22][24]. - RISC-V is highlighted as a promising but challenging architecture, with its success largely dependent on overcoming commercialization hurdles and developing a robust hardware ecosystem [26][28]. Group 4: Importance of Software Ecosystem - The success of any new architecture, including RISC-V, hinges on the development of a strong software ecosystem that can support various applications and middleware, as seen with NVIDIA's CUDA ecosystem [19][20][33]. - The article stresses that software must define the success of hardware, and that many current projects in specialized architectures are limited by inadequate software support [33][34]. Group 5: Call for Unified Instruction Set - The article advocates for the unification of instruction sets, proposing that all CPUs, GPUs, and xPUs should be developed based on RISC-V and its extensions to avoid redundant efforts and resource wastage [36].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of unifying instruction set architecture (ISA) for the development of China's computing chips, suggesting that RISC-V should be adopted as a standard to enhance innovation and resource efficiency in the semiconductor industry [5][30]. Group 1: Evolution of Computing Architecture - Over the past 40 years, the development of processor chips has followed a "negation of negation" spiral, oscillating between self-research and abandonment [4]. - The last five years have seen a resurgence of machine and platform manufacturers entering the "chip war," shifting from CPU-centric homogeneous computing systems to heterogeneous computing involving CPUs and xPUs [5]. - The computing evolution has transitioned from centralized processing to distributed systems, with the current core CPUs dominated by x86 and ARM architectures [9][10]. Group 2: Challenges in Architecture Innovation - The article discusses the difficulty of architecture innovation and the greater challenge of building an ecosystem, highlighting that software and collaboration barriers are significant [14]. - The dominance of x86 architecture is attributed to its ability to adapt and expand its instruction set to meet new application demands, while RISC architectures have struggled due to high costs and inability to disrupt existing ecosystems [11][13]. - The article notes that the software development costs significantly exceed hardware costs, making it challenging for new architectures to gain traction in the market [19]. Group 3: Future of RISC-V and ARM - RISC-V faces commercialization challenges despite its potential, with successful applications primarily in simple software scenarios like embedded systems [21]. - The article predicts that x86 CPUs will continue to dominate the server market for the foreseeable future, while ARM's success will depend on its ability to penetrate the x86-dominated landscape [20]. - The article suggests that the future of RISC-V in general-purpose computing will require overcoming significant hurdles, particularly in software and ecosystem development [24]. Group 4: Unified Instruction Set as a Key Pathway - The article advocates for a unified instruction set as a critical pathway for scaling China's computing chips, with cloud service providers being more successful in self-developing chips due to their control over the entire stack [25][26]. - It highlights that successful self-developed chips, like those from Apple, are not just about hardware but also about the integration of software and ecosystem capabilities [27][28]. - The call for RISC-V as a unified instruction system aims to avoid redundant efforts and resource wastage in chip development, promoting a more efficient innovation landscape [30].