本文节选自 《历史的逻辑》，作者黄漫 导语："当一场新的赌博开始时，赌赢的人永远不会是过去的赢家：手气过了。" 生物学中的间断平衡理论强调变异的随机性和地理隔离对新种形成的必要性。 它认为形成新种的原料是个体突变，突变是无定向的。只要对适应无害（中性 ）， 就可能闯过自然 选择这一关，进而形成新种。 它又强调大多数新种是从父种地理分区边缘上被隔离的孤立小种群中形成的，因为在这孤立种群中产 生的突变，不致因基因交流而失去特性，其中多数被淘汰，但少数仍可能被选择保留下来而形成新的 种。 文明也存在一个类似的离域模式。正如汤因比所认为的，旧文明加上新 地理，衍生出新文明。但是 文明远离父文明地理分区边缘的原因则不尽相同。 作为一个民族，希伯来人始终无法释怀先祖的遗训，因此今天的以色列毅然决然地将国家建立在敌人 环伺的荒凉沙漠之中。这里除了悠久的历史底蕴，几乎一无所有。 在每一个科技时代，文明中心都上演着无 休止的战争。 最先产生青铜器的两河流域，从公元前 2900 年开始，就陷入了 "青铜战 国时代 " ，那些并不大的 城邦彼此争夺着有限的资源。从此，两河流域彻底进入了帝国时代，先后历经阿卡德帝国、拉格什王 朝、乌 ...

Group 1 - The article discusses Xi Jinping's emphasis on peaceful development and the importance of cultural exchange in the context of global governance and civilization [6][8][9] - Xi Jinping references the Chinese idiom "止戈为武" (stop fighting to achieve peace) to highlight China's commitment to peaceful coexistence and mutual respect among civilizations [7][8] - The article outlines China's initiatives such as the Global Development Initiative and the Global Security Initiative, aimed at promoting stability and cooperation in a turbulent world [8][9] Group 2 - Xi Jinping's remarks at various international forums reflect China's stance against the "clash of civilizations" narrative and its dedication to building a community with a shared future [8][9] - The article mentions China's role as a major trading partner for over 150 countries and its efforts in establishing international mediation institutions, showcasing its influence in global affairs [8] - The call for a more just and reasonable global governance system is reiterated, emphasizing the need for equality and cooperation among nations to ensure lasting peace and development [9]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes the importance of promoting mutual understanding and dialogue among civilizations, rejecting the notion of civilization conflicts as a regressive step in human history [1][2] - The Global Civilization Initiative proposed by President Xi Jinping in 2023 advocates for respect for the diversity of world civilizations and the promotion of shared human values [1][2] - The initiative has gained global consensus, being included in various UN resolutions and bilateral/multilateral documents, with June 10 designated as International Day of Civilizational Dialogue [2] Group 2 - Over 30,000 American youth have visited China under the "5 years 50,000" initiative, fostering friendships and showcasing a real image of China [2] - China has implemented visa-free policies for 75 countries and transit visa exemptions for 55 countries, contributing to the popularity of "China tours" [2] - Cultural products such as "Black Myth: Wukong," "Nezha 2," and "Labub" have gained international popularity, highlighting the ongoing cultural exchange between China and the world [2]

Group 1 - The global civilization dialogue ministerial meeting successfully held is a significant practice of the global civilization initiative, promoting the exchange and mutual learning of world civilizations and human progress [1][2] - The development of civilization has historically been an open and inclusive process, where dialogue is essential for eliminating misunderstandings and overcoming barriers between different civilizations [1] - The current complex global situation, characterized by regional conflicts, poses a challenge to global stability and peace, with some countries promoting isolationism and the theory of civilization conflict [1] Group 2 - The global civilization initiative emphasizes the common attributes of civilization, advocating for mutual respect and exchange among different civilizations, and highlights the importance of dialogue and cooperation in resolving conflicts [1] - China has historically been a practitioner of civilization dialogue and mutual learning, serving as a bridge for cultural exchange between the East and West [2] - The theme of the global civilization dialogue ministerial meeting is "Maintaining Human Civilization Diversity and Promoting World Peace and Development," with over 600 attendees from around 140 countries and regions [2]

Core Viewpoint - The former Greek President Prokopis Pavlopoulos emphasizes the importance of cultural dialogue between Greece and China, highlighting China's role in promoting mutual understanding and cooperation among civilizations [1][2]. Group 1: Cultural Relations - The relationship between Greece and China is likened to a flourishing tree, with its roots in both economic and cultural ties [1]. - The deepening of bilateral relations is attributed to the cultural connections established over many years, which transcend differences in social systems, history, and geography [1]. - The shared values of humanism and the concept of a peaceful and just society form the moral foundation of Greece-China cooperation [1]. Group 2: Institutionalization of Dialogue - The mutual visits of the leaders of Greece and China in 2019 marked a significant milestone in institutionalizing cultural dialogue between the two nations [2]. - Pavlopoulos firmly opposes the notion of "civilizational conflict," arguing that it is a narrative amplified by geopolitical forces to create a false atmosphere of global civilizational conflict [2]. - He advocates for continued dialogue based on civilization, which he believes will benefit not only Greece and China but all of humanity [2].

阿马蒂亚·森的名字 "Amartya" 是印度诗人泰戈尔所取，他是森外祖父的挚友。泰戈尔当时不想起一 个寻常的婴儿名字，最后他选了这个词，梵语中意为 "不朽" 或 "永生"。阿马蒂亚·森今年 91 岁，在 我们时代最有影响力的思想家之列。一些人觉得其人生高度和思想成就，足以配得上泰戈尔的祝 福。 许多经济学家喜欢解释和预测现实，但森被看作是经济学和哲学交汇的思想家。他关注现实应该是 什么样，人们应该追求什么，人们如何确定自己应该追求什么，政策如何影响一个人的生活机会， 如何实现社会正义等等。 四个故事中的阿马蒂亚·森，以及他对今天的启示。 文丨 曾梦龙 编辑丨钱杨 1943 年，9 岁的森发现，可能有十万饥饿的农民涌入自己所在的小镇。饥民不放过任何能吃的东 西；许多人饿到精神失常；母亲为了活下去也不管嚎啕大哭的孩子，独自吞下食物。他们正前往加 尔各答，因为听说那里在赈灾。事实上，这是谣言。加尔各答尸横遍野。这场灾难后被称为孟加拉 大饥荒，死亡人数达两三百万人。 几个月后，森看见一个浑身鲜血、不停哀叫的男人走进他家大门。男人叫卡德尔·米亚（Kader Mia），靠打零工维生。为了养活孩子，他冒险来到社区找活干， ...