晁福林 《上古中国的神：先秦时期的彼岸世界》 晁福林 著 新星出版社 彼岸世界是一个恒久不衰的话题，每个时代的人对它都有不一样的感悟、不一样的认知和愈益深刻的思 考。我国先秦时期关于彼岸世界的认识，大体可以分为两大类。 一类认识是将人迹罕至的非常遥远的界域视为彼岸世界。这是人生在世时可望而不可即的地方。严格说 来，它是存在于现实世界（即此岸世界）的人想象中的世界，还不能算是严格意义上的"彼岸世界"。对 于这类彼岸世界的描绘不乏赞美和向往。用现在的话来说，它就是人们理想中的"诗与远方"。这个地方 的一切都美妙绝伦，人世间一切高级优雅的所在都集中于此。它是神仙居住的地方，这个地方在《山海 经》和庄子的书里有非常细致的描绘。在那里居住和生活完全可以无忧无虑，庄子说： 和此类遥不可及的美妙的"诗与远方"的彼岸世界不同，在先秦时代人们的认知里，彼岸世界还有另一种 所在。它们也在非常遥远的地方，但并不美妙，而是让人感到奇怪和恐怖。《山海经》里所描绘的许多 怪人和怪兽，以及奇怪的树木和花草，都是人所未见但又能够"确认"的实在。因奇怪而产生的恐怖，在 屈原的笔下有具体的描绘。他在《招魂》诗里写遥远的东方"十日代出，流金铄石" ...

Core Points - The article discusses the historical significance and cultural heritage of the Dunhuang Mogao Caves and the Xiqian Buddha Caves, highlighting their artistic and religious importance in Buddhist culture [1][3][18] - It narrates the discovery of the Dunhuang Caves, particularly the famous Cave 17, which contained numerous ancient texts and artifacts, and the subsequent looting of these treasures by foreign explorers [3][30] - The article emphasizes the ongoing efforts to preserve these cultural relics and the importance of responsible tourism in protecting such heritage sites [39][40] Group 1: Historical Context - The discovery of the Dunhuang Caves began in 1900 when a Taoist priest, Wang Yuanlu, found Cave 17, which contained a vast collection of ancient manuscripts and religious artifacts [1][3] - The looting of these treasures started with British explorer Stein in 1907, who took over 9,000 manuscripts and 500 paintings, leading to a significant loss of cultural heritage [3][30] - The establishment of the Dunhuang Research Institute in 1949 marked a turning point in the preservation of these sites, allowing for restoration and protection efforts to be implemented [3][30] Group 2: Cultural Significance - The Xiqian Buddha Caves are an integral part of the Dunhuang cave complex, believed to have been created earlier than the Mogao Caves, showcasing a blend of artistic styles from different periods [18][21] - The caves serve as a testament to the rich history of Buddhism in the region, with various artistic representations of Buddhist stories and figures that reflect the cultural exchanges along the Silk Road [18][36] - The article highlights the unique architectural features of the caves, such as the central pillar style and the intricate wall paintings that depict various Buddhist narratives [26][27][36] Group 3: Preservation Efforts - The article discusses the measures taken to ensure the preservation of the caves, including controlled access for visitors and the installation of environmental monitoring systems to protect the artworks [30][39] - It emphasizes the role of responsible tourism in safeguarding these cultural sites, urging visitors to respect the regulations in place to prevent damage to the artifacts [39][40] - The ongoing research and restoration efforts by the Dunhuang Research Institute are crucial for maintaining the integrity of these historical sites for future generations [3][30]