《上古中国的神：先秦时期的彼岸世界》晁福林 著新星出版社2025年8月 "神"之观念的出现，应当是早期人类开始形成自己的主体观念并将人与自然初步区分开来以后的事情。 《国语》所说的人神"杂糅"，与法国文化人类学家列维—布留尔所说的人与自然的"互渗"，都是对原始 时代一定发展阶段社会观念的概括。 "杂糅""互渗"是混沌初开、鸿蒙初判以后，才能呈现出的社会精神面貌。这种观念是上古时代神话的渊 薮和古史传说的源头之一。人们脱离原始思维状态，具备"人"的自主意识，经历了漫长的发展过程。原 始宗教观念和神灵世界的相继出现，为人走向神坛和英雄时代的降临创造了条件。 在中国古代的观念中，"神"可以有精神、神妙、神灵等意。我们这里所说的神，仅指"神灵"，它是人们 所崇拜的对象。 "互渗律"比较恰当地揭示出原始人的思维特征，对于我们认识原始时代的社会观念是很有启发的。头脑 混沌的原始人可以坚信他所看见的那只红鹦鹉就是他自己，这并不是说他自己变成了红鹦鹉，或者红鹦 鹉变成了他，而是肯定认为他既是自己又是那只红鹦鹉。我们过去见到中国古代传说中的人兽合为一体 的形象，常常感到十分费解，弄不清楚它出现的原因何在。 例如《山海经·南山经 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of fostering a rich and diverse reading environment for children, encouraging them to explore various genres and styles while respecting their interests [1][2][3]. Group 1: Children's Reading Preferences - Children's reading interests should be taken seriously, starting from their favorite books and expanding to a wider range of literature [1]. - There is a misconception that children only enjoy fictional stories; many prefer books about science and the natural world, highlighting the diversity in children's reading preferences [1][2]. Group 2: Adult Guidance in Children's Reading - Adults often face confusion about how to encourage children to read good books while avoiding bad ones, indicating a desire for an ideal reading experience [2]. - It is more meaningful to teach children why certain books are good or bad rather than simply selecting good books for them [2][3]. Group 3: The Nature of Childhood Reading - Childhood reading should be expansive and generous, allowing children to enjoy both classic literature and casual reads, as well as books with both strengths and weaknesses [3]. - Children can develop their reading judgment and become true masters of reading through a healthy and varied reading experience [3][4]. Group 4: The Impact of Childhood Reading - The article notes that seemingly ordinary books can become extraordinary when encountered during childhood, as children bring their own rich perceptions and imaginations to the reading experience [4]. - Adults should approach children's reading with respect and effort, creating a nurturing environment that allows for growth and creativity in their reading journey [4].

Core Viewpoint - The article explores the concept of the "otherworld" in ancient Chinese thought, particularly during the pre-Qin period, highlighting two main interpretations: one as an idealized, unreachable realm and the other as a terrifying, unknown place [3][5][6]. Group 1: Idealized Otherworld - The first interpretation of the otherworld is a distant, beautiful realm that exists in the imagination, often described in texts like "Shan Hai Jing" and works by Zhuangzi, where divine beings reside and live carefree lives [3][4]. - This idealized otherworld is characterized by its enchanting qualities, representing a place of ultimate beauty and elegance, akin to the modern notion of "poetry and distance" [3][4]. Group 2: Terrifying Otherworld - In contrast, the second interpretation presents the otherworld as a distant, strange, and frightening place, filled with bizarre creatures and landscapes, as depicted in "Shan Hai Jing" and the poetry of Qu Yuan [5][6]. - This fear of the unknown enhances the appreciation for the tangible, beautiful aspects of the real world, creating a juxtaposition between the two realms [5][6]. Group 3: Afterlife Beliefs - Another aspect of the otherworld in pre-Qin thought relates to beliefs about the afterlife, where ancestors are thought to reside in a heavenly realm, continuing to influence the living [6][7]. - Rituals and offerings to ancestors, such as food and wine, reflect the belief that the deceased continue to exist in a manner similar to the living, enjoying comforts in the otherworld [6][7]. Group 4: Philosophical Reflections - The article also discusses the philosophical reflections on death and the otherworld, emphasizing the duality of hope and despair in human contemplation of mortality [7]. - Confucius's teachings advocate for focusing on life and moral integrity rather than the uncertainties of the afterlife, presenting a pragmatic approach to the concept of the otherworld [7].

Core Insights - The Tsinghua University Press made its debut at the 2025 "Me and the Ditan" Beijing Book Fair, integrating high culture with everyday life, creating a unique experience that combines park strolling, book hunting, and lifestyle enjoyment [1][3] - The press showcased over 150 carefully selected books across various fields, including military, technology, and educational materials, appealing to diverse reader interests [1][2] Group 1: Reader Demographics and Trends - The reader demographic at the Ditan Book Fair spans all age groups, with elderly readers frequenting on weekdays and young parents visiting on weekends, indicating a broad appeal [2] - There is a noticeable shift in reader preferences from merely seeking low prices to making precise selections based on interests, with students and young enthusiasts actively purchasing specialized books [2] Group 2: Cultural and Creative Products - This year, Tsinghua University Press introduced cultural and creative products, which became a highlight of their booth, featuring items like notebooks and stationery that incorporate motivational quotes from the university [2] - The most popular product was the merchandise related to "A Thousand Lives, A Thousand Charms," with over 1,000 units sold, showcasing the success of their creative offerings [2] Group 3: Cultural Engagement and Innovation - The press hosted a themed lecture on "Books as Art," showcasing 27 handmade artist books, which reflects their commitment to innovative book forms [2] - Previous projects, such as the illustrated version of "Shan Hai Jing," have expanded into multilingual editions, enhancing the international reach of Chinese culture [2]

Group 1 - The discovery of the "Gari Tang Qin Inscriptions" in Qinghai's Maduo County has sparked significant academic debate, with the National Cultural Heritage Administration confirming it as a Qin Dynasty artifact [3] - The inscriptions are linked to the concept of "Kunlun," which has inspired various interpretations and discussions among historians, particularly in the context of the Qin Dynasty's worldview [3] - Historian Li Kaiyuan's recent work, "Assassinating Qin: A New Understanding of the Qin Dynasty," offers insights into the cultural implications of the "Gari Tang Qin Inscriptions" [3] Group 2 - The geographical understanding of the Qin people evolved significantly after the unification of China, leading to a perception of the Qin Dynasty as the sole sovereign state in the world [5] - The inscriptions from the Qin era, such as those from Langya, illustrate the Qin's geographical worldview, emphasizing their dominion over all territories within their reach [5][6] - Li Kaiyuan argues that the Qin Dynasty reverted to a limited geographical perspective, akin to the "Small Nine Provinces" concept from "Yugong," rather than adopting the expansive views of the "Great Nine Provinces" [6] Group 3 - The Qin Dynasty's governance structure was characterized by a direct administrative system, contrasting with the Han Dynasty's more complex multi-layered governance [7][8] - The Qin's approach to external territories, such as the military conquest of the Baiyue region and the establishment of commanderies, reflects a rigid governance model that lacked flexibility in dealing with non-directly governed areas [9] - This inflexible governance model ultimately contributed to the Qin Dynasty's rapid decline, as it failed to adapt to the complexities of the external world [9] Group 4 - The historical perspective of the Qin Dynasty, as articulated in their edicts and inscriptions, reflects a belief in a linear, unending rule under the emperor, contrasting with the cyclical historical views of earlier scholars like Zou Yan [10][11] - The establishment of the title "Emperor" marked a significant shift in the perception of sovereignty, positioning the Qin emperor as a transcendent ruler beyond traditional kings [12] - Li Kaiyuan critiques this overconfidence in the Qin's historical narrative, suggesting it contributed to the dynasty's downfall by fostering a disconnect from the realities of governance and external relations [13]

Core Viewpoint - Li Jiya, the first Sinologist to translate "The Analects" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" into Italian, emphasizes the significance of Chinese philosophical concepts, particularly the idea of "harmony in diversity," which is increasingly relevant in today's world [3][7]. Group 1: Background and Education - Li Jiya began her studies at the University of Venice in 1982, choosing Chinese as her major due to her interest in China [4]. - She furthered her studies in Chinese language and philosophy at Beijing Language University and Fudan University, deepening her understanding of Chinese philosophical texts [4]. - After returning to Italy, she graduated with honors and obtained a PhD in Sinology from Leiden University, later becoming the first female president of the University of Venice in 2020 [4]. Group 2: Translation and Cultural Exchange - Li Jiya believes that language is the key to understanding a civilization, highlighting the historical translation of Chinese texts into Latin by Matteo Ricci over 400 years ago [5]. - She has translated key Chinese philosophical concepts such as "ren" (benevolence) and "li" (ritual) into modern Italian, emphasizing the challenges of conveying their rich meanings [5]. - Li Jiya has authored several works, including "Confucianism," which introduces the core ideas of Confucian thought to Italian readers, asserting its global relevance [6]. Group 3: Philosophical Insights - The concept of "harmony" in Confucianism is particularly impactful for Li Jiya, representing harmony among people, society, and the environment [7]. - She connects the idea of "harmony" to modern sustainable development, encompassing environmental, economic, and social sustainability [7]. - Li Jiya argues that ancient Chinese classics provide rich nourishment for contemporary political thought, with concepts like "harmony in diversity" and the pursuit of goodness rooted in these texts [7]. Group 4: Promoting Cultural Understanding - Li Jiya emphasizes the shared values between Italian and Chinese cultures, such as the importance of family and genuine friendship, advocating for deeper cultural exchanges [8]. - At the University of Venice, she has introduced courses on Chinese philosophy and classical literature, using classic texts to guide students in understanding Chinese culture [9]. - She plans to incorporate "Shan Hai Jing" (Classic of Mountains and Seas) and Chinese supernatural tales into the curriculum to showcase the diversity of Chinese literature [9]. Group 5: Importance of Language Learning - Despite advancements in AI translation, Li Jiya advocates for the study of classical Chinese, asserting that language is a vehicle for thought and understanding [10]. - She believes that firsthand experiences in China are crucial for truly grasping Chinese culture, similar to Marco Polo's historical contributions to cultural exchange [10]. - The University of Venice has established student exchange programs with several Chinese universities, facilitating mutual understanding and friendship between Italian and Chinese students [10].

Core Insights - The article explores the travel experiences of historical figures in ancient China, emphasizing their unique perspectives on famous landmarks and lesser-known places [1][2][3] Group 1: Travel Philosophy - The travel philosophy of historical figures like Shen Fu highlights the importance of personal experience over popular opinion, suggesting that true beauty often lies in less-visited locations [2][3] - Shen Fu's reflections on famous sites reveal a critical view, as he finds many renowned attractions to be overrated and prefers hidden gems [2][3] Group 2: Historical Context - The article provides a historical context of travel during the Qing Dynasty, illustrating how travel was often tied to official duties and personal exploration [3][4][6] - It discusses the significance of geographical landmarks, such as the Dayu Ridge, which served as a boundary for many historical figures during their journeys [4][6] Group 3: Cultural Observations - The narrative includes cultural observations about the social dynamics of travel, including the rise of entertainment and leisure activities along waterways, which contributed to the economic prosperity of regions like Jiangnan [9][10] - The description of travel experiences also reflects the societal norms and expectations of the time, such as the necessity of having a valid reason for travel [3][4]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the resurgence of interest in Chinese mythology through animated films, highlighting the cultural significance and the practical aspects of these myths in shaping national identity and values [1][2]. Group 1: Cultural Significance of Mythology - Chinese mythology is described as a reflection of national identity, with creation myths closely tied to the characteristics of the Chinese people, such as pragmatism and inclusiveness [2][3]. - The evolution of Chinese mythology illustrates the serious approach of the Chinese nation towards responsibilities and moral constraints associated with deities, contrasting with the more human-like flaws of Western gods [2][3]. Group 2: Educational and Imaginative Aspects - The article emphasizes the importance of mythology in nurturing imagination in children, suggesting that exposure to these stories can plant seeds of creativity [4][5]. - The author notes that children's perceptions of myths are often more open and imaginative compared to adults, who may be constrained by established knowledge [4][5]. Group 3: Innovation and Cultural Exchange - There is a call for innovative storytelling that makes Chinese mythology accessible to a broader audience, emphasizing the need for cultural products to resonate beyond the Chinese cultural sphere [8][9]. - The article highlights the importance of a solid cultural foundation for creative endeavors, arguing that creativity without deep cultural roots is insufficient [10].