Group 1 - The article analyzes the true reasons behind the West's hostility towards China over the past two decades, arguing that China's rise impacts the U.S. differently than claimed by American political elites [1] - Western developed countries have historically relied on cheap labor and resources from the "Global South" to ensure high profits for multinational companies, leading to an unequal exchange through international trade [1] - Since China's opening up to investment and trade in the 1980s, it has become a major labor source for Western companies, but wages in China have significantly increased over the past twenty years, surpassing those of all other developing countries in Asia [1] Group 2 - Western capitalists are eager to restore access to cheap labor and resources, with increasing advocacy in Western business media for relocating industrial production to other cheaper Asian regions, though this comes with high costs related to production loss and supply chain disruptions [2] - Another option for the West is to initiate economic warfare or use military threats to destabilize China's economy, aiming to lower wage levels in China [2] Group 3 - The article identifies a second factor driving U.S. hostility towards China as technological advancements, noting that China has made significant progress in technology over the past decade, including the largest high-speed rail network and advancements in renewable energy and electric vehicles [3] - China's technological rise challenges the previous monopolies held by Western developed countries, which relied on these monopolies to extract resources from the "Global South" in exchange for key products, thus undermining the foundation of Western capital accumulation [3] - The article concludes that the true reason for Western hostility towards China is its achievement of self-sustained development, which is dismantling the imperialistic structure that Western capital accumulation depends on [3]

Group 1 - The core argument is that the development of capitalism in ancient China was hindered by the deeply rooted agricultural natural economy and the political structure based on imperial authority and Confucian ideology [1][4][14] - The political order in a predominantly agricultural society required a cultural capital foundation rather than land resources, leading to a centralized political system through the abolition of feudalism and the establishment of a bureaucratic system [1][2] - The bureaucratic system relied on the Confucian examination system to recruit scholar-officials, who were politically dependent on imperial authority, creating a fragile power dynamic [2][3] Group 2 - The Confucian ideology, while not a religion, served as an ethical framework that reinforced feudal hierarchy and imperial authority, allowing for the externalization of familial governance into public political life [3][4] - Capital accumulation and capitalism were unimaginable in a society dominated by feudal paternalism, where property rights were contingent upon the ruler's discretion [4][5] - In the feudal society, commercial capital had to align with cultural and political capital to gain property protection, leading to a system where merchants became subservient to political power [5][6] Group 3 - The relationship between officials and merchants was characterized by a power imbalance, with officials leveraging commerce for personal gain while merchants relied on officials for trade privileges [6][7] - The case of the Jin merchants illustrates how family ties and examination success facilitated the formation of official-merchant alliances, exemplifying the intertwining of commerce and political power [7][8] - The commercial tax system in the Ming dynasty was heavily skewed towards agriculture, with commercial taxes contributing only a small fraction of total tax revenue, reflecting the state's prioritization of agricultural income [10][11] Group 4 - The instability of the bureaucratic system meant that the protection of merchant interests was precarious, with political changes leading to rapid shifts in wealth distribution [12][13] - The lack of a credible public debt system in ancient China prevented the establishment of a stable relationship between state power and capital, inhibiting the emergence of capitalism [14][15] - The intertwining of commercial and political interests resulted in a fragmented merchant class that lacked the cohesion necessary for collective action, preventing the rise of a self-aware bourgeoisie [16][17]