Core Insights - The origin of the potato is complex, resulting from a hybridization event between an ancient ancestor of tomatoes and a potato-like plant, leading to the creation of a new species and the development of tubers [1][2] Group 1: Genetic Findings - The potato genome is a "mixed miracle," with approximately 40% of its genes derived from the tomato ancestor and 60% from the potato-like plant [1] - Key genes controlling tuber formation, such as the "master switch" gene SP6A from the tomato and the IT1 gene regulating stolon growth from the potato-like plant, were identified [2] Group 2: Evolutionary Implications - The potato's emergence supports the "punctuated equilibrium" theory of evolution, which suggests that evolution occurs in long periods of stability interrupted by short, rapid changes [2] - The initial potatoes, equipped with tubers, thrived during a period of environmental upheaval in the Andes, allowing them to adapt and occupy various ecological niches [2] Group 3: Future Applications - The research is being translated into breeding practices through the "Excellent Potato Project," aiming to shift from asexual reproduction relying on tubers to sexual reproduction using seeds, which could reduce planting costs and disease risks [3] - A new breeding pathway is proposed, utilizing tomatoes as a genetic platform to introduce key tuber-forming genes, potentially leading to crops that produce both potatoes underground and tomatoes above ground [3]

Core Insights - The origin of the potato is complex, resulting from a hybridization event between an ancient ancestor of the tomato and a potato-like plant, leading to the creation of a new species with tubers [1][2] Group 1: Genetic Findings - The potato genome consists of approximately 40% genes from the tomato ancestor and 60% from the potato-like plant, indicating a significant genetic contribution from both parent species [1] - Key genes controlling tuber formation, such as the SP6A gene from the tomato and the IT1 gene from the potato-like plant, were identified, forming a new regulatory network that enabled the development of tubers [2] Group 2: Evolutionary Implications - The potato's emergence supports the "punctuated equilibrium" theory of evolution, which suggests that evolution occurs in long periods of stability interrupted by short, rapid changes [2] - The initial potatoes, equipped with tubers, thrived during a period of environmental upheaval in the Andes, allowing them to adapt and occupy various ecological niches [2] Group 3: Future Applications - The research is being translated into breeding practices through the "优薯计划," aiming to shift from asexual reproduction relying on tubers to sexual reproduction using seeds, which could lower planting costs and disease risks [3] - A new breeding pathway is proposed, utilizing tomatoes as a genetic platform to introduce tuber-forming genes, potentially leading to crops that produce both potatoes underground and tomatoes above ground [3] - The complexity of tuber formation requires further exploration of regulatory factors to achieve precise potato breeding designs [3]

本文节选自 《历史的逻辑》，作者黄漫 导语："当一场新的赌博开始时，赌赢的人永远不会是过去的赢家：手气过了。" 生物学中的间断平衡理论强调变异的随机性和地理隔离对新种形成的必要性。 它认为形成新种的原料是个体突变，突变是无定向的。只要对适应无害（中性 ）， 就可能闯过自然 选择这一关，进而形成新种。 它又强调大多数新种是从父种地理分区边缘上被隔离的孤立小种群中形成的，因为在这孤立种群中产 生的突变，不致因基因交流而失去特性，其中多数被淘汰，但少数仍可能被选择保留下来而形成新的 种。 文明也存在一个类似的离域模式。正如汤因比所认为的，旧文明加上新 地理，衍生出新文明。但是 文明远离父文明地理分区边缘的原因则不尽相同。 作为一个民族，希伯来人始终无法释怀先祖的遗训，因此今天的以色列毅然决然地将国家建立在敌人 环伺的荒凉沙漠之中。这里除了悠久的历史底蕴，几乎一无所有。 在每一个科技时代，文明中心都上演着无 休止的战争。 最先产生青铜器的两河流域，从公元前 2900 年开始，就陷入了 "青铜战 国时代 " ，那些并不大的 城邦彼此争夺着有限的资源。从此，两河流域彻底进入了帝国时代，先后历经阿卡德帝国、拉格什王 朝、乌 ...

来 源 | 中 译 出 版 社 预 计 阅 读 时 间：1 0 分 钟 01 规避重大风险，不要亏损 卓越的投资者，应该是卓越的拒绝者。 作为长期主义者，普拉萨德首先便强调了不亏钱的重要性——虽然没有人会以亏钱为目标进行投资，但如 同生活中大多数表面上看似简单的事情一样，"不亏钱"说起来容易，做起来难。 而普拉萨德一开始便建议 投资者"不要急着下手投资"，因为学习何时避免投资的技巧，要比学习"如何投资"更难，也更加重要。 就像在自然界中，所有生物都会把生存放在第一位一样，普拉萨德也选择先树立起"拒绝者"的角色，即使因 此错过高额获利机会，也不会懊恼。具体而言，投资者应避免：一做了不该做的事（买入劣质企业），二 该做的事没有做（错过优秀企业）。如： 由于市面上的优质投资其实寥寥无几，通过优先考虑风险规避，投资者可以保护他们的资本并增加他们获 得长期成功的机会。这种方法可能意味着错过一些潜在的盈利机会（如"特斯拉" ），但它大大降低了灾难 性损失的可能性。 在投 资世界中，如何找到那些能够持续成长、穿越周期的优质企业？在探索这一问题时，印度投资人 普拉克·普拉萨德（Prakash Prasad）在《我从达尔文那里 ...