《科学与假说：关于科学方法论的历史论文集》 [美]拉里·劳丹 著，安金辉 译，浙江大学出版社 | 启真馆，2025年6月版 尽管假说法如今已成为科学界的主流方法论，但在科学发展的历史长河中，它最初并未占据主导地位。17世纪，科学家与科学哲学家们仍在众多 竞争性方法之间徘徊，而假说法几乎无人问津。直到19世纪，这一局面才发生根本改变。尽管人们普遍认识到它的局限性，但假说法最终还是成 为了20世纪科学探索的核心工具。本书收录了拉里·劳丹关于假说法兴衰流变的重要论文。通过对不同人物、不同历史阶段的细致考察，作者描绘 出一幅思想演变的丰富图景。虽然并未试图完整叙述这段历史，但本书深入剖析了若干关键节点与反复出现的思想模式，为理解现代科学方法论 的演变提供了重要的思考路径。 《荷兰之光：惠更斯家族与欧洲科学的形成》 [英]休·奥尔德西-威廉斯 著，王斌 译，中国工人出版社 | 万川，2025年7月版 本书是一部科学史著作，以荷兰黄金时代的政治、地理、经济、社会等为背景，聚焦17世纪荷兰科学家克里斯蒂安・惠更斯的生平与科学成就。 全书以时间为线索，从克里斯蒂安的家族背景、成长环境切入，详细描述了他在天文学、光学、力学、数 ...

Core Viewpoint - The latest research indicates that GLP-1 receptor agonists, used for treating type 2 diabetes, may be superior to metformin in preventing dementia, potentially influencing future treatment guidelines to prioritize drugs with both glycemic control and neuroprotective effects [2][4][6]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study analyzed anonymous electronic health records from 2004 to 2024, involving 87,229 patients each on GLP-1 receptor agonists and metformin, with an average age of 58 years, all having taken the medication for at least six months [4]. - Results showed that while both drug classes had similar effects on vascular dementia, GLP-1 receptor agonists had a lower overall dementia diagnosis rate: approximately 2.5% (2,130 individuals) in the GLP-1 group versus nearly 5% (4,215 individuals) in the metformin group, indicating a relative risk reduction of about 10% [4][6]. - Specifically, the risk of Alzheimer's disease was reduced by 12% and the risk of non-vascular dementia was reduced by 25% among GLP-1 users [4][6]. Group 2: Demographic Insights - The protective effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists were consistent across all age groups but were most pronounced in individuals over 60, women, and white patients [6]. - The mortality rate during the study was about 5% for GLP-1 users compared to nearly 9% for metformin users [6]. Group 3: Mechanisms of Action - The neuroprotective effects of these drugs may stem from various mechanisms, including reducing neuroinflammation, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and improving cerebral vascular function. GLP-1 receptor agonists can cross the blood-brain barrier, directly affecting the central nervous system, unlike metformin, whose effects are primarily systemic [6][8]. - The study emphasizes the complexity of vascular dementia's pathogenesis, which includes small vessel disease and white matter lesions, making treatment through metabolic or neurodegenerative pathways challenging [8]. Group 4: Implications for Treatment - The findings suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists could become a first-line treatment option for type 2 diabetes, considering the significant societal, familial, and economic burdens associated with diabetes-related dementia [8][9]. - The research indicates a potential paradigm shift in diabetes treatment, focusing more on preventing cognitive complications [8][9]. Group 5: Additional Research - A separate study found that semaglutide could reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease by 40-70% among older patients with type 2 diabetes and other comorbidities [12][18]. - The study utilized a large cohort of 1,094,761 new users of anti-diabetic medications, with semaglutide users showing significantly lower rates of Alzheimer's diagnosis compared to those on other diabetes medications [12][14]. Group 6: Limitations and Future Directions - The study acknowledges limitations, including its observational design, which may not account for overdiagnosis, underdiagnosis, or unmeasured confounding factors [22]. - Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which semaglutide reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease [21][22].

Core Viewpoint - The CEO of Eli Lilly announced the company's focus on research for Alzheimer's disease prevention and other brain disorders [1] Group 1 - Eli Lilly is actively engaging in research aimed at preventing Alzheimer's disease [1] - The company is expanding its research efforts to include other brain-related diseases [1]